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Statistics for Psychology > Exam 2 Homework Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Homework Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?

A

Construct Validity

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2
Q

If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are your collecting?

A

Criterion Validity

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3
Q

Cronbach’s Alpha is used to calculate what?

A

Internal Consistency Reliability

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4
Q

Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?

A

Interrater

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5
Q

The maximum level of validity possible is equal to what?

A

The square root of the reliability coefficient

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6
Q

What would the inter-rater reliability be for a 50 item measure in which the number of agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?

A

0.90

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7
Q

If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis…

A

are inconclusive

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8
Q

Which of the following is concerned with monitoring estimates of present performance and predictions of future performance?

A

Predictive Validity

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9
Q

This type of validity is determined by the association between the test scores and some specified present or future criterion.

A

Criterion Validity

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10
Q

This explores the question “how do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. measures what it is supposed to?”

A

Validity

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11
Q

The treatment variable in an analysis is called the…

A

Independent Variable

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12
Q

The actual or measured score is called _______

A

The observed score

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13
Q

This is the level of measurement where outcomes are based on some underlying continuum where it is possible to speak about how much more a higher performance is than a lower one:

A

Interval

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14
Q

What is the key to establishing Criterion Validity?

A

Quality of Criterion

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15
Q

The correlation between scores from time 1 and time 2 is called:

A

Test-Retest Reliability

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16
Q

This is the difference between the observed and true scores:

A

The Error Score

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17
Q

Only this level of measurement has a true zero

A

Ratio

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18
Q

In terms of the reliability of test scores, there are multiple elements to each person’s score. The score that is actually recorded is the…

A

Observed Score

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19
Q

High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type of validity?

A

Predictive Validity

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20
Q

The outcome variable in an analysis is called the…

A

Dependent Variable

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21
Q

What is the annotation for the experimental population?

A

Mu 1

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22
Q

What is the annotation for the general population?

A

Mu2

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23
Q

Optimally, it is possible to generalize you results from ________ to _________.

A

Your sample/A Larger Population

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24
Q

What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified?

A

Directional hypothesis

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25
Q

Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?

A

There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

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26
Q

Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?

A

There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

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27
Q

Which of the following means “before the fact”?

A

A priori

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28
Q

What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?

A

Two-tailed Test

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29
Q

If there is no difference between sample and population values, you will have:

A

No sampling error

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30
Q

A hypothesis is best defined as ______________.

A

An educated guess

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31
Q

A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a ___________.

A

Research hypothesis

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32
Q

The null hypothesis refers to the ___________, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the __________.

A

Population/Sample

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33
Q

A sample is best defined as ________________.

A

A smaller group selected from a given population

34
Q

What test do you use to measure a directional research hypothesis?

A

A One-Tailed Test

35
Q

Null hypotheses refer to the following:

A

The Population

36
Q

The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the __________.

A

Sample

37
Q

Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population?

A

Sampling error

38
Q

If you were to hypothesize that test scores from classroom A will be higher than test scores from classroom B, you have a:

A

Directional research hypothesis

39
Q

In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample?

A

It is representative

40
Q

A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have:

A

A Lower Sampling Error

41
Q

Research hypotheses refer to the following:

A

The sample

42
Q

Which of the following is a nondirectional test?

A

A two-tailed test

43
Q

To calculate a z score, you:

A

Subtract the mean from the raw score and divide this difference by the standard deviation

44
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal curve?

A

Mean, median, and mode are the same

45
Q

If a distribution has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 2, what value would be -4 standard deviations from the mean?

A

17

46
Q

What type of standard score has M=0 and SD=1?

A

Z-Score

47
Q

In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?

A

16%

48
Q

The fact that the tails of a normal distribution never touch the horizontal axis relates to the following property:

A

Asymptotic

49
Q

If you want to calculate a z score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?

A

Mean and standard deviation

50
Q

Which of the following is true of z scores that fall above the mean?

A

They are positive

51
Q

T scores and z scores are both considered what type of score?

A

Standard Score

52
Q

When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?

A

Population is normally distributed

53
Q

What is the T score for a z score of -1?

A

40

54
Q

Under the normal curve, approximately what percent of scores fall between -1 and -2 standard deviations below the mean?

A

14%

55
Q

What two scores would divide a normal distribution such that 64.26% of the general population falls within them if the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15?

A

85 to 115

56
Q

If a distribution has a mean of 1000 and a standard deviation of 100, how many standard deviations is 600 from the mean?

A

-4

57
Q

What is the basis for the normal curve?

A

Probability

58
Q

What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness?

A

Mean, median, and mode

59
Q

z scores which fall above the mean will be ________________.

A

Positive

60
Q

Under the normal curve, if a z score of 1.65 included 45% of the area above the mean, what percent remains above 1.65 on the X axis?

A

5%

61
Q

A score that is three standard deviations above the mean would have a z score of:

A

3

62
Q

This percentage of scores fall on either side of the distribution:

A

50%

63
Q

When you accept a false null hypothesis, you are making a ______________.

A

Type II Error

64
Q

What does 1 - β represent?

A

Power

65
Q

If you want to examine the difference between the average scores for students on a pre-test/ post-test measure, which statistical technique should you select?

A

Dependent Samples T-test

66
Q

How well a statistical test can detect and reject a null hypothesis when it is false refers to ______.

A

Power

67
Q

If you want to examine the difference between the average scores of two unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select?

A

Independent Samples T-Test

68
Q

After you compare the obtained value with the critical value, you:

A

Reject the null hypothesis if the obtained value is more extreme than the critical value

69
Q

After you provide a statement of the null hypothesis, you:

A

Set the significance level

70
Q

p < .05 means that there is less than 1 chance in ____ that any differences found were not due to the hypothesized reason.

A

20

71
Q

The significance level is also known as ________________.

A

Type I Error

72
Q

Power is equal to:

A

The value of the type II error subtracted from 1

73
Q

Type II error is related to a factor such as _________________.

A

Sample size

74
Q

The degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true is called ______________.

A

Significance Level

75
Q

As compared with a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval would result in:

A

A wider range of values in the confidence interval

76
Q

If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?

A

Reject the null hypothesis

77
Q

When you reject the null hypothesis when there is actually no difference between groups or relationships between variables, you are making a:

A

Type I error

78
Q

The level of chance or risk that you were willing to take is expressed as …

A

A significance level

79
Q

A(n) ____________ difference is due to some systematic influence and not due to chance.

A

Significant

80
Q

Which of the following is a statement of equality?

A

Null hypothesis

81
Q

What is the error that cannot be controlled called?

A

Chance

Statistics for Psychology (2 decks)

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