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Geology 2150 > Exam 2 Geo 2150 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Geo 2150 Flashcards

1
Q

Jawless fishes

A

Two modern taxa (hagfish and lamprey) but there were a variety of armored forms in the Ordovician and Silurian called ostracoderms

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2
Q

Jawed fishes

A

(gnathostomes) first appear near the end of the Silurian
Successful groups of Paleozoic jawed fishes included
-Placoderms(Silurian-Carboniferous) heavily armored group, dominated the Devonian
-Acanthodians(Ordovician-Permian) extinct shark-like group, aka“spiny sharks”
-Chondrichthyans(Silurian-recent) modern sharks and rays and their ancestors and distant unclesOsteichthyans(Silurian-recent) the bony fish

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3
Q

Bony fish (two groups)

A

ray-finned- (actinopterygian)dominant fish today

lobe-finned- (sarcopterygian)fossil record goes back to the Devonianancestor of the tetrapods

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4
Q

Cladogram

A

branching diagram (aka dendogram) that groups organisms based on the presence of shared derived characters.

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5
Q

Lobe-finned fish are the group from which ______ evolved

A

tetrapods

  • Connecting salamanders and Ceolacanths
  • there are many skeletal details that match between lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods (vertebrates with 4 limbs) even if the bones have different functions in different groups
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6
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb
  • a transitional form (aka“missing link”) described in 2006
  • Tiktaalik- a fish with wrists
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7
Q

Why would fish want to climb out on land?

A

1) avoid predators
2) get from one drying puddle to another
3) access to terrestrial food sources

Individuals with an ability to survive and move on land (even to a limited degree) might have survived better in some environments compared to closely related individuals more wholly dependent on water.

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8
Q

Fish challenges of living on land

A

breathing
support/locomotion
desiccation (drying out)
reproduction

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9
Q

The transition between water and land fish

A

drought tolerant fish can gulp air and “breath” a little through moist skin
amphibians have lungs as adults (often with some “breathing” through moist skin)
reptiles- breath through lungs

also skeletal modifications

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10
Q

Ichthyostega

A

an early tetrapod that lived during the Late Devonian (~370 Ma) in Greenland

7 TOES!

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11
Q

How are lobe-finned fish and amphibians similar?

A

Lobe Finned Fish & Amphibians share similar body plan & style of locomotion

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12
Q

Reptiles* vs Fish

A
  • Reptiles still flex but are less “fishy” when walking
  • more solidly interconnected skeletal structure
  • weight carried by bones
  • more rigid support
  • Scaly, dry, keratinized skin- reduces water loss (no “breathing”through skin either)
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13
Q

Amnion (chicken egg)

A

protection, encloses embryo in aqueous environment

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14
Q

Allantois (chicken egg)

A

waste, gas exchange

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15
Q

Yolk sac (chicken egg)

A

encloses food source

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16
Q

Chorion (chicken egg)

A

gas exchange (inside of the albumen/egg white)

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17
Q

amniotes

A

can be divided into three major groups recognized by the number and position of holes in the skull behind the eyes (= post-orbital fenestra)

(Anapsid, Diapsid, Synapsid)

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18
Q

Are turtles anapsids or diapsids that lost their fenestra?

A

New molecular data suggest the latter, and this conclusion is increasingly being accepted, but it is not important for this class.

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19
Q

Generalized Tetrapod Phylogeny

A

Relationships among major tetrapod groups. Labels on branches represent clades that include all taxa from the location of the label upwards and away from the stem. Characteristic Mesozoic groups are shown in blue.

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20
Q

Archosaurs

A
  • diapsids with additional pre-orbital fenestra, also teeth set in sockets and a different ankle structure than other diapsids
  • archosaurs include dinosaurs and pterosaurs (extinct) and birds and crocodiles(extant)
  • modern archosaurs are the birds and crocodilians,but dinosaurs and pterosaurs are also archosaurs
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21
Q

features in rocks allow the environment at the time of ______ to be inferred

A

deposition

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22
Q

some taxa have distributions limited by ________

A

Temperature

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23
Q

Triassic Global Climate

A

1) Arid

2) Hot (warm at poles)

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24
Q

Jurassic Climates:

A

1) Arid

2) Warm (cooler than Triassic, still not freezing at poles)

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25
Q

Cretaceous Climates:

A

1) Relatively wet

2) Hot (mostly warm at poles)

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26
Q

synapsids include:

A

mammals and their relatives

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27
Q

Synapsid

A

the dominant tetrapods during the Permian (290 Ma –250 Ma), but anapsids & diapsids (maybe including the early archosaurs) also lived then.

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28
Q

Phanerozoic diversity-

A

the biggest change after the Cambrian explosion is arguably the extinction at the end of the Permian

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29
Q

Geography, climate, and vegetation all very______ from today

A

different

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30
Q

Sprawling posture

A

In a sprawling posture legs project ~horizontally from the body. Bodyweight supported by muscle and the feet swing laterally while moving.

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31
Q

Upright posture

A

In an upright stance, legs are ~vertical under the body. Bones carry much of the weight and motion is all front to back.

Dinosaurs (and their closest relatives)
upright posture
-ball on the proximal femur (joint with hip) offset from shaft of the femur
-hip socket thickened, acetabulum perforated
-novel ankle (front/back hinge instead of rotation)

4thdigit has 3 or fewer phalangies
three or more sacral vertebrae
backward directed glenoid (shoulder socket)

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32
Q

Saurischians

A

“Lizard-hipped”dinosaurs

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33
Q

Ornithischians

A

“Bird-hipped”dinosaurs

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34
Q

Allosaurus

A
  • could tell (in theory) chordate, vertebrate, tetrapod, diapsid, archosaur, dinosaur, “saurischian”
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35
Q

Cranial

A

Head

36
Q

Post-cranial

A

Everything else exept head

37
Q

shoulder girdle

A

(scapula, clavicle, & coracoid)

38
Q

pelvis

A

(ilium, ischium, & pubis)

39
Q

Ostrich

A

obligate biped

40
Q

elephant

A

obligate quadruped

41
Q

kangaroo (hopping)

A

biped

42
Q

Kangaroo (down)

A

Faculatative quadruped

43
Q

Puma concolor

A 
mountain lion
puma
cougar 
panther (Florida  or Carolina)
catamount
mountain cat
screamer
painter
44
Q

Panthera onca

A

jaguar

black panther

45
Q

Panthera pardus

A

leopard
panter
black panther

46
Q

Biological Species Concept-

A

group of populations that interbreed or potentially interbreed and which are reproductively isolated from other such groups of populations under natural conditions

47
Q

7 hierarchical catergories

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
48
Q

who are the scientific names of animals governed by

A

International Code on Zoological Nomenclature

49
Q

Rules of International Code on Zoological Nomenclature

A
  • names must be latinized
  • all names use Roman alphabet
  • each name at genus level and above is unique,but same trivial (species) names can be used in different genera
  • thus, species must designated by a binomen (genus & species) and species name alone is not correct
50
Q

William Buckland

A

Discovered the Megolsaurus tooth.

“Bucklands giant lizard”

51
Q

Iguanadon

A

Iguana tooth from england

52
Q

Agra sasquatch Erwin

A

A carabid beetle with big feet

53
Q

Streptopelia turtur

A

Turtle dove

54
Q

Tyrannomyrmex rex Fernández,

A

Malaysian ant

55
Q

Stratophenetics

A
  • group organisms based on morphological similarities and when they lived

advantages- can use all data, flexible, intuitive
problems- subjective, fossil record is incomplete

56
Q

Cladistics

A

-group organisms based on shared evolutionary novelties (shared derived characters)

advantages- evaluating best tree objective
problems-choosing characters is subjective
convergent evolution
only uses some of the available data

-measure lots of traits in different species
• treat each novelty as an evolutionary step
• assume forward evolution (new trait appears and is maintained in descendants) is much more common than backward evolution or convergence
• “best”phylogeny is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary steps
• potential problems exist (e.g., convergent evolution), but with enough data and correct identification of homologous structures cladistics is a powerful tool

57
Q

Types of clads

A

monophyletic- a group that represents a taxon and all its descendants
paraphyletic- common ancestor and some of its descendants
polyphyletic- descendants, but not the common ancestor

58
Q

If/then population

A

IF
1)there is variability,
2)that is heritable, and
3)that leads to differential reproductive success
THEN
population’s traits shifts towards favored characteristics

59
Q

Charles Darwin

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

Darwin was 22 years old when he sailed on the Beagle

60
Q

Zebras

A

although each pattern of stripes is unique, zebras are arguably the exemplar of a species characterized by uniformity

61
Q

selection

A

-processes that determine differential reproductive success (survival, attractiveness)

62
Q

fitness

A

-the relative reproductive success of an individual

63
Q

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802)

A
  • Charles’ grandfather
  • Proposed early theory of Evolution in Zoonomia “The Laws of Organic Life”(1794-1796)
  • “The final course of this contest among males seems to be, that the strongest and most active animal should propagate the species which should thus be improved”
64
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

EX: Male vs female lion with mane or without mane

mane length varies among lion populations and climate is the main mane determinant
(cool = hairy, hot = maneless)
and, in any population, influences reproductive success

65
Q

genotype

A
  • the genetic make up of an organism

Selection acts on phenotype, but only the part controlled by the genotypeis heritable

66
Q

phenotype

A
  • physical characteristic of an organism, determined by genotype and environment

Selection acts on phenotype, but only the part controlled by the genotypeis heritable

67
Q

Darwins Finches

A

On the island Daphne Major (Galapagos Archipelago) there is one species of finch and two plants whose seeds they eat (a grass and a bush).

during good times the grass seeds are relatively big and the bush seeds are relatively small and soft àfinches with intermediate-sized beaks can feed on both and the population becomes more uniform

during harsh times the grass seeds are quite small and the bush seeds are quite big and hard àfinches with intermediate sized beaks can feed on neither and the population splits in two (including mate choice)

The medium ground finches on Daphne Major are a population poised very near the edge of crossing over from being one species to being two species.

68
Q

Ensatina eschscholtzii (Salamanders)

A

These populations of salamanders are considered 1 species (Ensatinaeschsholtzii) despite having co-existing sub-species in some areas that do not interbreed.

All very colorful

69
Q

Sea gulls

A

These populations of sea gulls are considered 2 species (Larusargentatus, Larusfuscus) despite the fact that adjacent populations hybridize freely all the way around the pole except in Europe.

70
Q

Why are interbreeding salamanders around the Great Valley in California considered 1 species (Ensatinaeschsholtzii) despite having non-interbreeding subspecies co-existing in the same place at the southern end of their range whereas non-interbreeding seagulls in western Europe are considered 2 species (Larusargentatus, Larusfuscus) despite the presence of hybridization among populations all the way around the North Pole?

A

No good scientific reason; rather it is an artifact of history of study.The patterns are the same- these are examples of species in the process of dividing.

71
Q

Ring species

A
  • gene flow through population, but populations at the geographic extremes can not interbreed (sea gulls, California salamanders)
72
Q

Examples of speciation in action

A
  • species with distinct characteristics depending on local conditions(Darwin finches on Daphne Major, elephants across Africa)
  • separate species in the wild that interbreed in zoos and produce fertile offspring(orangutans)
  • separate species in the wild that interbreed in zoos but (usually) produce infertile offspring(horse/donkey, lions/tigers)
  • similar (closely related) species that live geographically close to each other(many examples)
73
Q

Euparkeria

A

examples of lightly built, small Triassic archosaaurs close to what the common ancestor of dinosaurs would have looked like (Lizard like)

74
Q

Marasuchus

A

an ornithodire similar to what dinosaurs immediate ancestor might have looked like

not quite a dinosaur

early dinosaur- difficult to tell apart from Marasuchus

75
Q

Oldest dinosaurs found in rocks about ___ Ma

A

230

76
Q

Oldest dinosaur

A

A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania,

77
Q

Eoraptor

A

rimitive, could be a dinosaur (beforesplits)
sauropodomorph theropod

If Eoraptoris not on the theropodline, then Eodromaeusmaybe the oldest (announced in 2014 from ~230 Ma rocks from Argentina) National GeographicNational Geographic

78
Q

Theropod traits

A

Strong, light skull
Serrated, bladelike teeth

jaw joint in line with tooth row- jaw closes like scissors (good for slicing)

powerful fingers and toes
distal phalangies. indicate large, sharp claws

79
Q

Allosaurus

A

a classic carnivorous theropod

80
Q

Allosaurus old taxamomy

A

Bid- carnosaur
Little- Coelurosaur

This scheme is too simplified to be useful (and it is inaccurate).
We will use a quite simplified scheme, butit is at least mostly
accurate.

81
Q

“Early”or “Primitive” Theropods(Late Triassic)

A

a paraphyletic group, not a monophyletic clade similar shape and habits but different sizes (bipedal carnivores)traits of the theropods (many of these traits are ancestral) but none the traits of later theropods

82
Q

Theropods

A
  • 5 sacral vertebrae
  • many hollow bones
  • bowed femur
  • narrow, symmetrical foot
  • “boot” on the pubis
  • obligate bipeds
  • large hands with a good range of motion in fingers
  • reduction of digits 4 and 5 ( 5 is usually missing)
  • light, flexible, mobile skull; strong bite
  • claws and teeth consistent with carnivory
83
Q

Ceratosaurs

A
  • big range in size, a number of traits in common
  • recess between the premaxilla and maxilla
  • often elongate tooth in the lower jaw fits in recess
  • four clawed fingers on the hands
  • digit 5 missing
  • digit 4 shorter than others
  • bones of the pelvis fused into rigid structure
  • hind limbs terminate in three clawed toes
  • often quite large, but some small
  • bony ridges on skulls (sexually dimorphic)
84
Q

Ceratosaurs(Ceratosaurus)

A

this genus lacks recess on maxilla but expresses horns well, also, a very large form

85
Q

Ceratosaurs (Dilophosaurus)

A

both maxillary recess and crest well expressed medium-large sized

86
Q

Tetanurans(?early, Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous)

A
  • teeth all in front of orbit
  • 2nd anorbital fenestra
  • 3 (or fewer) fingers
  • forelimbs much shorter than hind limbs.
  • enlarged pubic boot
87
Q

Spinosaurs

A
  • many similarities to carnosaurs. and generally very large (12-15 m), but they are now considered a separate group some, like Megalosaurus, could easily pass as carnosaurs others have variably elongate snout, conical teeth, large “gaffing” claws..
  • suggested as adaptation of amphibious, fish-eating specialists
  • Thought front legs but then realized its quardopedal and swims possibly
  • 2020 reconstruction (tadpole like tail)

Geology 2150 (1 decks)

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