Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the “Active Phase” symptoms in schizophrenia?
A
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech (frequent derailment or incoherence)
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
Negative symptoms
2
Q
You must have one of these 3 symptoms of schizophrenia to be in the active phase
A
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech
3
Q
What is the severe reduction in, or absence of, affective (emotional) responses to the environment called?
A
Affective Flattening/Blunted Affect
4
Q
a condition characterized by a severe deficiency of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood, significantly increasing the risk of infections
A
Agranulocytosis
5
Q
Loss of intellectual abilities, intellectual memory, abstract thinking, judgment, problem solving, often accompanied by personality changes. Found in x% of chronic alcohol users .
A
Alcohol induced dementia, 9
6
Q
_____: a permanent cognitive disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system via alcohol. Consists of x syndromes
A
Alcohol induced persisting amnestic disorder,2
7
Q
Alcohol Withdrawal: 3 stages
A
1) Within few hours of stopping: shakes, weakness, perspiration, anxiety, headache, nausea
2) Convulsive seizures. May begin as early as 12 hours after stopping drinking but more commonly on 2nd or 3rd day
3) Delirium Tremens (DTs): auditory, visual, tactile hallucinations occur. Sleep little, agitated, disoriented, fever, profuse perspiration, irregular heartbeat. Fatal in 10% of cases. Death can be from hyperthermia or collapse of the peripheral vascular system
8
Q
A popular program that helps in rehabilation for alcohol
A
Alcoholics Anonymous/12 Step Programs
9
Q
___ refers to a difficulty in producing thoughts and words, often characterized by brief, concrete responses and a lack of spontaneous speech. It’s a negative symptom often associated with conditions like schizophrenia
A
Alogia
10
Q
the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age
A
Amenorrhea
11
Q
stimulants that speed up the body’s system
eg: (speed, crystal meth)
A
amphetamines
12
Q
a symptom characterized by a reduced ability or inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment from activities that were previously rewarding
A
anhedonia
13
Q
____: DSM criteria
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significant. Low body wt.
Intense fear of gaining wt/becoming fat even tho underweight
Distorted body image
A
Anorexia Nervosa
14
Q
a medication used in the treatment of alcohol use disorders by producing unpleasant side effects and sensitivity to alcohol
A
Antabuse/Disulfiram
15
Q
a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance
A
Antagonist drugs
16
Q
a class of drugs used to treat mental health conditions characterized by psychosis, such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
A
Antipsychotic medications
17
Q
a psychological treatment that pairs a negative behavior or habit with a negative stimulus
A
Aversion therapy/aversive classical conditioning
18
Q
Lost of motivation, inability to start or complete tasks
Including basic tasks
A
Avolition
19
Q
these type of drugs depress CNS withdrawal and intoxication similar to alcohol (2)
A
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
20
Q
Gastric bypass. Creates small pouch for stomach (1 oz of food), bypass of part of small intestine and make stomach smaller which limits food and absorption of calories
A
Bariatric Surgery
21
Q
Depress CNS withdrawal and intoxication similar to alcohol
A
Benzodiazepines
22
Q
___ : eating more than most would ina discrete time period
A
Binge
23
Q
____ four or more drinks for women, or five or more drinks for men during an occasion
A
Binge drinking
24
Q
Recurrent binges (amount of food larger than typical in discrete period of time, lack control) at least once/week for 3 months
A
Binge Eating Disorder
25
____ : eating more than most would ina discrete time period
____ : use vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas to minimize caloric
Binge, Purge
26
____ a short-term mental illness characterized by the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations lasting for at least one day but less than one month, with a full return to normal functioning
brief psychotic disorder
27
This DSM disorder _____ features
Recurrent Binges
Eating more than most would in a discrete time period
Sense of lack of control over eating
Compensator behaviors to prevent wt. Gain
purging , excessive exercise, laxatives, diuretics
Binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur at least once/wk for 3 months
Self-esteem tied to weight/shape
Symptoms do not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia.
Bulimia Nervosa
28
___ - lack of responsiveness to the outside world
Catatonia
29
____: wildly agitated suddenly for no apparent reasons and is difficult to subdue
Catatonic Excitement
30
____ is a symptom characterized by maintaining an unusual or bizarre body posture for an extended period
Catatonic posturing
31
____ is a severe psychiatric condition characterized by extreme immobility, unresponsiveness, and a lack of movement.
Catatonic stupor
32
Why are so many people obese?
Preference for fatty foods and disliking physical activity
7-19% of obese individuals. Binge eat
When exposed to emotional stress, more likely to eat unhealthy, fatty foods and exercise less than those with low stress
Night eating (7-15% of obese individual) where eat ⅓ or more of intake after dinner and get out of bed at least once in night to have high caloric snack
33
____ is Words are organized by sound
“Dog is spog, frog, leap. Heap steep, creep, deep, gotta go beep”
Clanging
34
___: Give vouchers or other rewards for not using substance
Contingency management
35
____ association unpleasant images with thoughts about drugs to pair drugs with aversive consequences. Lung cancer with cigarettes.
Expose clients to drug paraphernalia with/out using drugs to break conditioned bonds between paraphernalia and drug high. To decrease cravings.
Covert sensitization:
36
____ is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug
Cross-tolerance
37
____ : auditory, visual, tactile hallucinations occur. Sleep little, agitated, disoriented, fever, profuse perspiration, irregular heartbeat. Fatal in 10% of cases. Death can be from hyperthermia or collapse of peripheral vascular system Only 11% of those with alcohol use disorder experience seizures or DTs.
Delirium Tremens (DTs)
38
____ is a mental health condition characterized by persistent, false beliefs (delusions) that are not based on reality
Delusional disorder
39
___ - bizarre, highly unlikely beliefs with little grounding in reality
Delusions
40
_____ - one’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors are being controlled by an external force
Thought broadcasting, insertion, withdrawal
Delusions of Being Controlled
41
____ - belief that random events are directed at oneself
Delusions of Reference
42
____: experiences of unreality, detachment or being an outside observer of one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions
Depersonalization
43
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (3 req)
1) The presence of persistent/recurrent experience of depersonalization derealization, or both:
- Depersonalization: experiences of unreality, detachment or being an outside observer of one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions
- Derealization: experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (feel like things are unreal, dreamlike)
2) Reality testing is intact
3) Clinically significant distress/impairment
44
______
Slow activity in central nervous system
Moderate doses: relaxed/sleepy, reduce concentration, impair thinking and motor skills
Heavy doses can induce stupor or death
E.g. Alcohol, Methadone, Opioids, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Marijuana
Depressants
45
_____: experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (feel like things are unreal, dreamlike)
Derealization
46
____ is the process of removing harmful substances (toxins) from the body
Detoxification
47
_____ is a symptom characterized by a disruption in the coherence, logic, and flow of thoughts and language
Disorganized speech
48
_____, also known as formal thought disorder, is a cognitive impairment characterized by a disruption in the organization and expression of thoughts
Disorganized thought
49
____ : significant disruption in state of consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or a combination of the 3 when caused by psychological, not biological factors
Dissociation
50
_____ is a mental health condition characterized by a significant inability to recall important personal information, typically related to traumatic or stressful events
Dissociative amnesia
51
_______
Personality breaks up into 2 or more distinct identities or personality states which take turns controlling the person’s behavior
Gaps in recall of everyday events, personal information, traumas.
Average # of personalities is 15.
In some cases each personality is complete, with its own behavior, tone of voice, physical gestures. In some cases, only a few characteristics are distinct because identities are only partially independent
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
52
______ is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that plays a crucial role in the brain. It is involved in various functions, including feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation
Dopamine
53
_____ is a theory that proposes an imbalance in the neurotransmitter dopamine as a primary cause of schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
54
Double Blind Communication
describes a situation where someone receives two or more conflicting messages, creating a "no-win" scenario where any response is perceived as wrong.
A classic example is a parent telling a child to "be spontaneous," then criticizing them for acting spontaneously
55
_____ essential for neural transmission
electrolytes
56
_____ is eating as a way to suppress or soothe negative emotions, such as stress, anger, fear, boredom, sadness and loneliness
Emotional eating
57
Anorexia: Etiology
Family Factors: parents seeing child as perfect, difficulty to express negative emotions in family, valuing appearance and achievement, marital/family problems (anorexia is a way to control these things, bring family together)
Personality: perfectionistic, achievement oriented, trying to live up to parents’ expectations
Focused on others’ needs and desires and lose awareness of what want for themselves
58
Etiology of Bulimia
Personality: (Impulsivity, Perfectionism, Emotional lability)
Western culture’s value on being thin
Family
- Chaotic, conflicted, critical
- Low positive expressiveness, cohesion, caring
Genetics
-BN Twins: 59-83%
Biology
- Low levels Serotonin -> body craves carbs
59
_____, is a measure of the family environment that is based on how the relatives of a psychiatric patient spontaneously talk about the patient.
Expressed emotion
60
______: in children of people who chronically ingest large amounts of alcohol while pregnant. Baby has retarded growth, racial abnormalities, central nervous system damage, intellectual disability, motor abnormalities, tremors, hyperactivity, heart defects, skeletal abnormalities
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
61
______: Creates small pouch for stomach (1 oz of food), bypass of part of small intestine and make stomach smaller which limits food and absorption of calories
Gastric bypass
62
_____ is a severe form of memory loss characterized by a complete inability to recall one's entire life history, including personal identity, autobiographical events, and general knowledge about oneself
Generalized amnesia
63
_____ - belief that one has great power, knowledge, talent, or that one is a famous and powerful person
Grandiose Delusions
64
____ - unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
Hallucinations
65
_____ produce perceptual alterations
No clear withdrawal syndrome
Ex. LSD, Mushrooms, Peyote
Hallucinogens
66
______: receives messages about the body's food consumption and nutrient level. Regulates hunger, appetite and starting/stopping eating.
Hypothalamus
67
____ is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence.
Iatrogenesis
68
_____: an evidence-based manualised, structured and time-limited treatment for adults with Bulimia Nervosa
Interpersonal therapy for eating disorders
69
_____ is a transient condition of altered consciousness and behavior associated with recent use of a substance
intoxication
70
_____ is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by severe memory loss, confabulation (making up false memories), and disorientation. Often caused by alcohol
Korsakoff's psychosis
71
_____ is a type of dissociative amnesia where an individual experiences a complete or partial loss of memory for a specific, circumscribed period of time
Localized amnesia
72
_____ refer to a thought disorder characterized by a lack of logical connection between ideas
Loose associations
73
Methadone Maintenance Programs do what?:
Use Methadone, an opiod, for withdrawal from heroin. Methadone is less potent and longer lasting than heroin. Controversial because it is similar to heroin.
74
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
Blunted affect: Reduced emotional expression, lack of facial gestures and intonation
Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment
Avolition (reduced goal-directed activity due to decreased motivation)
alogia (reduction in quantity of words spoken
75
made up words
Neologisms
76
_____ are a class of medications used to treat psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Neuroleptics/Antipsychotics
77
_____ is defined as being 20% or more over the ideal weight based on life insurance stats for person’s age, build, sex and ht.
obesity
78
____ are a broad group of pain-relieving medicines that work with your brain cells
opiods
79
3 Patterns of Alcohol use
Drink large amounts every day and plan days around drinking
Binge-drinking that may last days or weeks and periods of abstaining
Binge drinking on weekends
80
_____ is a condition that occurs when a fetus or newborn baby does not receive enough oxygen during or around the time of birth
Perinatal hypoxia
81
_____ - being watched, conspired against, or tormented by others
Persecutory Delusions
82
_____ are a class of medications that are primarily used to treat mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Phenothiazines
83
Physical symptoms assoc. with anorexia
Electrolyte imbalances
Causes heart problems: irregular, low beats, failutes
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Gastrointestinal problems
Stomach expansion
Kidney failure
Immune system problems
Loss of bone mass/strength
Dermatologic problems
Dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss
Lanugo - fine, soft body hair
Neurological problems - decreased electrolytes affect nervous system. Potassium and sodium electrolytes essential for neural transmission
Structural brain changes - enlarged ventricles
Highly comorbid w/depression
84
Physical symptoms assoc. with bulimia
Other symptoms
Electrolyte imbalances
Erosion of esophagus, tearing of tissue
Bleeding stomach
Decayed teeth
Swollen glands
85
Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions, Hallucinations, Inappropriate Affect, Disorganized Thought and Speech
86
______ considers early life trauma to be the direct cause of the creation of alter identities and assumes that working directly with alter identities should be at the core of the therapeutic work.
The dominant posttraumatic model (PTM)
87
_____ is an early, pre-clinical stage of a disease or condition, characterized by subtle or non-specific symptoms that may indicate an impending illness
The prodromal phase
88
_____: A state in which person cannot tell real from unreal
Psychosis
89
____: use vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas to minimize caloric impact
Purge
90
_____ can be defined as the potentially fatal shifts in fluids and electrolytes that may occur in malnourished patients receiving artificial feeding
Refeeding syndrome
91
____ refers to a period after an individual has experienced a psychotic episode, where the most severe symptoms, like delusions and hallucinations, have subsided, but some milder or persistent symptoms, particularly negative symptoms, may remain
the "residual phase"
91
______: Dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise to maintain low weight. No binging or purging.
Restricting type
92
_______ posits that schizophrenia results from a combination of both overactivity in the mesolimbic pathway
revised dopamine hypothesis
93
_____ is a mental health condition that combines symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders (depression or bipolar disorder)
Schizoaffective disorder
94
_____ is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, often involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking or behavior.
Schizophrenia
95
______ is a psychotic illness with symptoms similar to schizophrenia, but lasting between one and six months
Schizophreniform disorder
96
______ is a discredited, negative stereotype that emerged in the mid-20th century, suggesting that mothers of individuals with schizophrenia are inherently "bad" or "crazy-making" due to their parenting style
schizophrenogenic mother
97
______ a type of memory loss where an individual can only recall certain parts of a specific event or period in their life, while retaining memories of other events
Selective amnesia
98
______, a key neurotransmitter and hormone, plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and various other physiological functions, including blood clotting, bone health, and immune responses
Serotonin
99
What is the Socio-cognitive Model of DID:
DID not real, constructed by therapists, often using hypnosis
Iatrogenesis- doctor created
Doctors see opposing personality traits as independent personalities
Trauma recollections may not be accurate
100
____ are a class of medications used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation
SSRIs
101
_____
Activate CNS: energy, happiness, decrease desire for sleep, decreased appetite
E.g Cocaine, crack (cocaine in freebase), amphetamines (speed, crystal meth), Ritalin, Nicotine, Caffeine
Stimulants
102
_____: product with psychoactive effects (changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions ,and behaviors)
Substance
103
_____ is the continued use of alcohol, illegal drugs, or the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter medicines with negative consequences.
Substance use
104
_____ = when 2 drugs have a similar effect so taking both drugs leads to increased effect. 2 depressants taken together -> severely depressed CNS
Synergistic effect
105
______ is a chronic movement disorder that can develop as a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, primarily antipsychotic drugs
Tardive dyskinesia (TD)
106
Therapy for psychotic disorders
Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy (e.g CBT), and support
107
_____ is a neuropsychological symptom expressing a sudden and involuntary silence within a speech, and eventually an abrupt switch to another topic
Thought blocking
108
______ is a delusion where someone believes their thoughts are being broadcast aloud or can be heard by others, despite a lack of evidence
Thought broadcasting
109
Anorexia Treatment
Refeeding during hospitalization
For adolescents, family-based therapy is first line treatment , CBT–Self-monitoring, changing eating behaviors/beliefs regarding food.
For adults, high drop-out rates, but CBT is promising
Self-monitoring, change eating behaviors, beliefs regarding food and wt.
Interpersonal therapy less effective than CBT
Meds not shown to be very effective. Are effective for comorbid depression, but not for anorexia side effects
110
____, in a psychiatric context, refers to the delusional belief that one's thoughts are being removed from their mind by an external force
Thought withdrawal
110
Tolerance: as defined by either ____ or _____
A need for markedly increased amounts of substance to have intoxication or desired effect
Markedly decreased effect with continued use of same amount of substance
110
_____ is a parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a common infection that can remain dormant in the body for life, but can cause serious illness in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.
Toxoplasma gondii
110
Some people with _____ have flu-like symptoms. These can include a fever, headache, muscle aches and skin rash. Toxoplasmosis also can affect eyes, causing eye pain and poor vision.
toxoplasmosis
110
What are some forms of Bulimia Treatment?
- CBT: fire line of treatment, alone or w/meds. 12-24 weekly sessions
- Interpersonal therapy initially not as positive as CBT but at follow up is not significantly different from CBT
- Antidepressants work but relapse after med w/drawal
- Those with daily purging and those who do not respond within 8-10 weeks should be referred to more intensive treatment
111
People with Bulimia are more/less likely to seek treatment voluntarily
more
112
What are some different forms of treatment for obesity?
Weight Focused Treatment
Medication
Bariatric Surgery
Weight Neutral Treatments
113
What are some treatments for substance abuse disorders
Biological Treatment: (drugs)
Behavioral Treatment: (conditioning)
Cognitive Treatment (CBT)
Programs (e.g AA)
114
What are some triggers of binges/purges
Triggers: emotions, tempting food, and interpersonal. Stressors, body image dissatisfaction, skipping meals/getting too hungry
115
a series of fluid-filled cavities within the brain
Ventricles
116
long term effects of alcohol use may cause _____ which is mental confusion, disorientation, and in severe states, coma
Wernicke’s encephalopathy:
117
____ is the Physiological and behavioral sx that result when stop using substances or greatly reduce use after using heavily
withdrawal
118
Incoherent jumble of words
Word salad
