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virology > exam 2 flashcards > Flashcards

exam 2 flashcards

1
Q

Viroids

A

-single-stranded
-naked circular RNA genome
-encode no protein
-potato example

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2
Q

Viroids infect

A

plants

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3
Q

Viroids transmisson

A

vertical, mechanical, insects

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4
Q

Viroids replication

A

host rna polymerase, viroid ribozymes

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5
Q

How do viroids cause disease

A

RNA interference
-regulating gene expression and RNA bind/interfere with mRNA
viroid->vsRNA->mRNA->disease

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6
Q

Prions infect

A

humans and mammals

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7
Q

Prion transmission

A

genetic, infectious

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7
Q

Prion replication

A

PrPc to PrPsc

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8
Q

Prion

A

-misfolded protein
-encodes proteins
-mad cow disease example

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9
Q

7 virus types

A

dsDNA, ssDNA, +ssRNA, -ssRNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA w/ DNA intermediate, gapped dsDNA

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9
Q

dsDNA example

A

Herpesvirus

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10
Q

+ssRNA example

A

SARS-CoV-2

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10
Q

ssDNA example

A

Paroviruses

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11
Q

-ssRNA example

A

Influenza

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12
Q

dsRNA example

A

Reoviridae: Rotavirus

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13
Q

+ssRNA w DNA intermediate

A

HIV

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14
Q

Gapped dsDNA example

A

Hepadnavirus

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14
Q

DNA viruses transcription

A

-transcribed by RdRp: RNA pol II

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15
Q

2 ways DNA viruses replicate

A

Rolling circle replication and linear replication

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16
Q

Rolling circle replication

A

continuous synthesis of new DNA from a circular template
-in nucleus and chloroplasts

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17
Q

Linear replication

A

unwinding of DNA to synthesize new strands
-replicated in both directions from origin
-in nucleus

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18
Q

5’ end problem

A

Replication fork mechanism:
-discontinuous/lagging strand synthesis
-gap cant be repaired

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19
Q

How to solve 5’ end problem

A

Telomeres

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20
Q

RdRp

A

Synthesize RNA from RNA template

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21
Q

RT

A

Converts RNA to DNA

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21
Q

Integrase

A

Facilitates integration of viral DNA into DNA

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22
Q

Viruses encoding RdRp

A

+/- ssRNA

23
Q

RT scientific purpose

A

understand retroviruses (HIV), used in PCR

23
Q

RT industrial purpose

A

RNA templates->cDNA

23
Q

Viruses packaging RdRp

A

-ssRNA and dsRNA

24
Q

ssRNA (+) strategies

A

polyprotein synthesis
-making many proteins from single mRNA
IRES
-cap-independent translation

24
Q

RT clinical purpose

A

antiviral drug development

25
Q

ssRNA (-) strategies

A

-RdRp transcription
-cap snatching
-leaky scanning

26
Q

Retrovirus RT steps

A
  1. Initiation of (-)strand DNA synthesis
  2. First template exchange
  3. (+) strand DNA synthesis
  4. Second template exchange/formation of dsDNA
26
Q

dsRNA strategies

A

-segmented genome
-transcription within core
-leaky scanning

26
Q

HIV reservoirs strategies

A

Gene editing, shock & kill, block & lock

26
Q

ambisense strategy

A

-bidirectional transcription
-secondary structures

26
Q

Retroelements

A

sequences that move in the genome via RT

26
Q

3 steps of retrovirus integration

A
  1. Processing Me to 2(pNpN)
  2. Joining target DNA
  3. Repair host proteins
26
Q

Hepadnavirus RT steps

A
  1. Initiation of (-) strand DNA/first template exchange
  2. Elongation and RNase H degradation/synthesis of (-) DNA strand
  3. Translocation of the primer for (+) strand DNA synthesis
  4. Second template exchange/creation of circular gapped dsDNA
27
Q

Viral latency

A

ability to remain dormant within host cell

27
Q

HIV reservoirs

A

group of cells in that are infected with HIV but not producing new virus particles

27
Q

Viral latency difference in DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: retain genome separately as episomes & rely on selective gene expression
RNA: integrate into host genome & use repressive mechanisms

27
Q

Herpesvirus diseases/transmission

A

disease- herpes, chickenpox
transmission-oral, sex, respiratory

27
Q

5 groups of retroelements

A
  1. Endogenous retrovirus
  2. Retrotransposons
  3. LINEs
  4. Processed pseudogenes
  5. SINEs
27
Q

ERV example

A

Koala retrovirus

27
Q

Herpesvirus replication cycle

A

Attach and fuse with membrane
Uncoat viral dnaV
Transcription: VP16 activates IE which activates E
Rolling-circle replication
Late gene expression
Assembly
Exit

27
Q

Endogenous retroviruses

A

remnants of ancient retroviral infections

27
Q
A
27
Q

ERV significance

A

-placenta formation
-regulation of gene expression
-genomic junk

27
Q

Parvovirus disease/transmission

A

canine parvovirus
respiratory droplets, contaminated surface

27
Q

Picornavirus

A

polio
fecal/oral

27
Q

Parvovirus replication cycle

A
  1. elongation by dna polymerase
  2. nick rep
  3. elongate from nick
  4. hairpin formation
  5. reinitiation from 3’ OH
  6. displacement of genomic DNA
28
Q

How do viruses regulate transcription

A
  1. Positive autoregulatory loop (ex: HIV)
  2. transcriptional cascades (ex: Herpesvirus)
28
Q

Coronavirus

A

SARS-CoV-2
respiratory droplets

28
Q

Reovirus

A

Rotavirus
fecal/oral

28
Q

Retrovirus

A

AIDS
sex

28
Q

Picornavirus replication

A
  1. bind host receptor
  2. enter by endocytosis
  3. viral genome is translated into single polyprotein
  4. polyproteins processed into individual proteins
  5. genome synthesis in double membrane
  6. assembly
  7. released by cell lysis
28
Q

Coronavirus replication cycle

A
  1. virus binds to host
  2. enters cell surface
  3. enveloped virus transits to surface
  4. DMVs form
  5. viral genomes and structural proteins synthesized
  6. genome encapsidated
  7. virus released by exocytosis
28
Q
A
28
Q

Reovirus replication cycle

A
  1. enter through endocytosis
  2. virion become infectious sub viral particle
  3. bind to a receptor to be released
  4. degraded to make core
  5. viral mRNAs make proteins
  6. build new virus particle
  7. release by cell lysis
28
Q
A
28
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A

influenza
contact

28
Q

Orthomyxovirus replication cycle

A
  1. enter by endocytosis
  2. transport to endosomes
  3. conformational change
  4. fusion peptide inserted
  5. release viral RNAs
28
Q

Retrovirus replication cycle

A
  1. retroviral glycoprotein attach to host
  2. viral fusion at cell surface
  3. +ssRNA into dsDNA
  4. dsDNA integrate into host
  5. host synthesizes viral genomes/proteins
  6. assembly
  7. protease process capsid to form infectious particles

virology (2 decks)

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