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exam 2 flashcards

1
Q

Viroids

A

-single-stranded
-naked circular RNA genome
-encode no protein
-potato example

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2
Q

Viroids infect

A

plants

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3
Q

Viroids transmisson

A

vertical, mechanical, insects

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4
Q

Viroids replication

A

host rna polymerase, viroid ribozymes

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5
Q

How do viroids cause disease

A

RNA interference
-regulating gene expression and RNA bind/interfere with mRNA
viroid->vsRNA->mRNA->disease

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6
Q

Prions infect

A

humans and mammals

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7
Q

Prion transmission

A

genetic, infectious

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7
Q

Prion replication

A

PrPc to PrPsc

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8
Q

Prion

A

-misfolded protein
-encodes proteins
-mad cow disease example

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9
Q

7 virus types

A

dsDNA, ssDNA, +ssRNA, -ssRNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA w/ DNA intermediate, gapped dsDNA

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9
Q

dsDNA example

A

Herpesvirus

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10
Q

+ssRNA example

A

SARS-CoV-2

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10
Q

ssDNA example

A

Paroviruses

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11
Q

-ssRNA example

A

Influenza

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12
Q

dsRNA example

A

Reoviridae: Rotavirus

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13
Q

+ssRNA w DNA intermediate

A

HIV

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14
Q

Gapped dsDNA example

A

Hepadnavirus

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14
Q

DNA viruses transcription

A

-transcribed by RdRp: RNA pol II

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15
Q

2 ways DNA viruses replicate

A

Rolling circle replication and linear replication

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16
Q

Rolling circle replication

A

continuous synthesis of new DNA from a circular template
-in nucleus and chloroplasts

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17
Q

Linear replication

A

unwinding of DNA to synthesize new strands
-replicated in both directions from origin
-in nucleus

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18
Q

5’ end problem

A

Replication fork mechanism:
-discontinuous/lagging strand synthesis
-gap cant be repaired

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19
Q

How to solve 5’ end problem

A

Telomeres

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20
Q

RdRp

A

Synthesize RNA from RNA template

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21
RT
Converts RNA to DNA
21
Integrase
Facilitates integration of viral DNA into DNA
22
Viruses encoding RdRp
+/- ssRNA
23
RT scientific purpose
understand retroviruses (HIV), used in PCR
23
RT industrial purpose
RNA templates->cDNA
23
Viruses packaging RdRp
-ssRNA and dsRNA
24
ssRNA (+) strategies
polyprotein synthesis -making many proteins from single mRNA IRES -cap-independent translation
24
RT clinical purpose
antiviral drug development
25
ssRNA (-) strategies
-RdRp transcription -cap snatching -leaky scanning
26
Retrovirus RT steps
1. Initiation of (-)strand DNA synthesis 2. First template exchange 3. (+) strand DNA synthesis 4. Second template exchange/formation of dsDNA
26
dsRNA strategies
-segmented genome -transcription within core -leaky scanning
26
HIV reservoirs strategies
Gene editing, shock & kill, block & lock
26
ambisense strategy
-bidirectional transcription -secondary structures
26
Retroelements
sequences that move in the genome via RT
26
3 steps of retrovirus integration
1. Processing Me to 2(pNpN) 2. Joining target DNA 3. Repair host proteins
26
Hepadnavirus RT steps
1. Initiation of (-) strand DNA/first template exchange 2. Elongation and RNase H degradation/synthesis of (-) DNA strand 3. Translocation of the primer for (+) strand DNA synthesis 4. Second template exchange/creation of circular gapped dsDNA
27
Viral latency
ability to remain dormant within host cell
27
HIV reservoirs
group of cells in that are infected with HIV but not producing new virus particles
27
Viral latency difference in DNA vs RNA
DNA: retain genome separately as episomes & rely on selective gene expression RNA: integrate into host genome & use repressive mechanisms
27
Herpesvirus diseases/transmission
disease- herpes, chickenpox transmission-oral, sex, respiratory
27
5 groups of retroelements
1. Endogenous retrovirus 2. Retrotransposons 3. LINEs 4. Processed pseudogenes 5. SINEs
27
ERV example
Koala retrovirus
27
Herpesvirus replication cycle
Attach and fuse with membrane Uncoat viral dnaV Transcription: VP16 activates IE which activates E Rolling-circle replication Late gene expression Assembly Exit
27
Endogenous retroviruses
remnants of ancient retroviral infections
27
27
ERV significance
-placenta formation -regulation of gene expression -genomic junk
27
Parvovirus disease/transmission
canine parvovirus respiratory droplets, contaminated surface
27
Picornavirus
polio fecal/oral
27
Parvovirus replication cycle
1. elongation by dna polymerase 2. nick rep 3. elongate from nick 4. hairpin formation 5. reinitiation from 3' OH 6. displacement of genomic DNA
28
How do viruses regulate transcription
1. Positive autoregulatory loop (ex: HIV) 2. transcriptional cascades (ex: Herpesvirus)
28
Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 respiratory droplets
28
Reovirus
Rotavirus fecal/oral
28
Retrovirus
AIDS sex
28
Picornavirus replication
1. bind host receptor 2. enter by endocytosis 3. viral genome is translated into single polyprotein 4. polyproteins processed into individual proteins 5. genome synthesis in double membrane 6. assembly 7. released by cell lysis
28
Coronavirus replication cycle
1. virus binds to host 2. enters cell surface 3. enveloped virus transits to surface 4. DMVs form 5. viral genomes and structural proteins synthesized 6. genome encapsidated 7. virus released by exocytosis
28
28
Reovirus replication cycle
1. enter through endocytosis 2. virion become infectious sub viral particle 3. bind to a receptor to be released 4. degraded to make core 5. viral mRNAs make proteins 6. build new virus particle 7. release by cell lysis
28
28
Orthomyxovirus
influenza contact
28
Orthomyxovirus replication cycle
1. enter by endocytosis 2. transport to endosomes 3. conformational change 4. fusion peptide inserted 5. release viral RNAs
28
Retrovirus replication cycle
1. retroviral glycoprotein attach to host 2. viral fusion at cell surface 3. +ssRNA into dsDNA 4. dsDNA integrate into host 5. host synthesizes viral genomes/proteins 6. assembly 7. protease process capsid to form infectious particles

virology (2 decks)

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