Exam 2

Question 1

what are passive processes?

Answer 1

require no direct energy
(osmosis, filtration, facilitated and simple diffusion)

Question 2

what are active processes?

Answer 2

require direct cellular energy
(active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis(pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) transcytosis)

Question 3

what is simple diffusion?

Answer 3

process where particles spread out evenly in an available space.
1. particles move from where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
2. particles diffuse down with their concentration gradient.
3. particles eventually reach equilibrium.

Question 4

what is diffusion across a membrane?

Answer 4

when molecules diffuse across a cell membrane during passive transport.
materials that diffuse across plasma membrane are lipid-soluble compounds (alcohol, fatty acids, and steroids) and dissolved bases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Question 5

what is filtration?

Answer 5

forces molecules through membranes. forced through thin porous walls of capillaries by blood pressure while large particles remain inside.

Question 6

what is the process of endocytosis?

Answer 6

when a cell engulfs a substance forming a membranous vesicle around the substance.

Question 7

what are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Answer 7

1. pinocytosis- substance is mostly water
2. phagocytosis- substance is a solid
3. receptor- mediated endocytosis- requires a substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor.

Question 8

what is tonicity?

Answer 8

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Question 9

what is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 9

concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell (water moves out of the cell)

Question 10

what is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 10

concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell (water moves inside of cell)

Question 11

All cells are derived from______.

Answer 11

re-existing cells

Question 12

Cell differentiation is when cells become ______ and _______ different. developing a ________.

Answer 12

1. structurally
2. functionally
3. mature phenotype

Question 13

what is the result of cell differentiation?

Answer 13

cells vary due to unique function

Question 14

what are the 2 types of cell groups and their characteristics?

Answer 14

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

prokaryotic: simple and small. Lack membrane-bound internal compartments.
eukaryotic: contains organelles that are separated by membranes.

Question 15

what are the 5 life processes of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 15

1. manufacturing
2. breakdown
3. energy processing
4. structure support, movement and communication
5. heredity

Question 16

what is the cytoplasm composed of?

Answer 16

cytosol and organelles

Question 17

what does the plasma membrane control? what is it composed of?

Answer 17

selective permeability, the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 18

what organelles make up eukayotic cells?

Answer 18

nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus.

Question 19

what is inside the nucleus that controls the production of chromosomes?

Answer 19

chromatin.

Question 20

where is the site for ribosome production?

Answer 20

nucleolus

Question 21

what are ribosomes involved in? what are the 2 types of ribosomes.

Answer 21

protein synthesis. Free ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm and bound ribosomes that are attached to the ER

Question 22

Smooth ER lacks _______. What is produced in the SER.

Answer 22

attached ribosomes. lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Involved in the breakdown of drugs and poisons.

Question 23

what is rough ER?

Answer 23

a membrane structure.

Question 24

______ for the RER are delivered to the gogi in _____.

Answer 24

1. proteins
2. transport vesicles.

Question 25

what is involved in the breakdown of molecules in cells?

Answer 25

lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.

Question 26

what is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 26

remove or recycle damaged parts of a cell.

Question 27

where does energy processing place?

Answer 27

mitochondria.

Question 28

what is cilia?

Answer 28

short hair-like projections only found in come cells.

Question 29

what are flagellum?

Answer 29

long tail-like projections. Example: sperm.

Question 30

what is directly responsible for the formation of protiens?

Answer 30

ribosomes.