Exam 2 Flashcards
what are passive processes?
require no direct energy
(osmosis, filtration, facilitated and simple diffusion)
what are active processes?
require direct cellular energy
(active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis(pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) transcytosis)
what is simple diffusion?
process where particles spread out evenly in an available space.
1. particles move from where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
2. particles diffuse down with their concentration gradient.
3. particles eventually reach equilibrium.
what is diffusion across a membrane?
when molecules diffuse across a cell membrane during passive transport.
materials that diffuse across plasma membrane are lipid-soluble compounds (alcohol, fatty acids, and steroids) and dissolved bases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
what is filtration?
forces molecules through membranes. forced through thin porous walls of capillaries by blood pressure while large particles remain inside.
what is the process of endocytosis?
when a cell engulfs a substance forming a membranous vesicle around the substance.
what are the 3 types of endocytosis?
- pinocytosis- substance is mostly water
- phagocytosis- substance is a solid
- receptor- mediated endocytosis- requires a substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor.
what is tonicity?
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
what is a hypertonic solution?
concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell (water moves out of the cell)
what is a hypotonic solution?
concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell (water moves inside of cell)
All cells are derived from______.
re-existing cells
Cell differentiation is when cells become ______ and _______ different. developing a ________.
- structurally
- functionally
- mature phenotype
what is the result of cell differentiation?
cells vary due to unique function
what are the 2 types of cell groups and their characteristics?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryotic: simple and small. Lack membrane-bound internal compartments.
eukaryotic: contains organelles that are separated by membranes.
what are the 5 life processes of eukaryotic cells?
- manufacturing
- breakdown
- energy processing
- structure support, movement and communication
- heredity
what is the cytoplasm composed of?
cytosol and organelles
what does the plasma membrane control? what is it composed of?
selective permeability, the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
what organelles make up eukayotic cells?
nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus.
what is inside the nucleus that controls the production of chromosomes?
chromatin.
where is the site for ribosome production?
nucleolus
what are ribosomes involved in? what are the 2 types of ribosomes.
protein synthesis. Free ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm and bound ribosomes that are attached to the ER
Smooth ER lacks _______. What is produced in the SER.
attached ribosomes. lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Involved in the breakdown of drugs and poisons.
what is rough ER?
a membrane structure.
______ for the RER are delivered to the gogi in _____.
- proteins
- transport vesicles.
