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histology > exam 2 flashcards > Flashcards

exam 2 flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system is composed of…

A

neurons and accessory cells (and connective tissue)

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2
Q

neurons conduct

A

nerve impulses

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3
Q

accessory cells…

A

support neurons

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4
Q

the nervous system includes…

A

the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) peripheral nervous system (runs throughout our body)

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5
Q

the peripheral nervous system is composed of

A

the somatic system
the autonomic system

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6
Q

somatic system

A

sensory (involuntary) and motor nerves (voluntary)

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7
Q

autonomic system

A

involuntary system:
sympathetic and parasympathetic
regulates bodily functions

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8
Q

neurons carry…

A

electrical impulses

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9
Q

sensory neurons respond to…

A

stimuli

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10
Q

motor neurons…

A

generate movement

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11
Q

blood vessels are present in…

A

nervous tissue

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12
Q

what are the primary cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons

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13
Q

neurons regulate…

A

internal organs

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14
Q

what are the supporting cells in the central nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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15
Q

what are the supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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16
Q

function of supporting cells

A

provide physical and nutritional support to neurons and electrical insulation

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17
Q

why do neurons need supporting cells?

A

because neurons are very fragile

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18
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron contain?

A

nucleus with nucleoli and Nissl bodies (darkly stained rER)

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19
Q

axons transmit…

A

information

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20
Q

axons may be…

A

myelinated or unmyelinated (grey matter)

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21
Q

dendrites send…

A

sensory information to cell body (unmyelinated)
they are thinner projections

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22
Q

what are the types of neurons?

A

motor (somatic nervous sytem)
sensory
integrative

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23
Q

synapses transmit…

A

signals between neurons (chemical and electrical)

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24
Q

chemical =

A

neurotransmitter

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25
Q

electrical =

A

no neurotransmitter

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26
Q

Schwann cells form…

A

myelin sheath in PNS

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27
Q

oligodendrocytes form…

A

myelin sheath in CNS

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28
Q

astrocytes provide…

A

physical and metabolic support for CNS

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29
Q

microglia are the…

A

cleaners and immune system of the CNS

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30
Q

the peripheral nervous system is composed of…

A

nerves

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31
Q

nerves are…

A

bundles of axons that are supported by connective tissue and Schwann cells

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32
Q

what are the layers of connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system?

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

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33
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds individual axons

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34
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of axons

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35
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds entire nerve

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36
Q

peripheral nerves are either…

A

motor nerves or sensory nerves

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37
Q

distal ends of sensory neurons contains…

A

sensory structures

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38
Q

exteroceptors

A

external stimuli like touch, taste, smell, sound and light

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39
Q

enteroceptors

A

stimuli from within the body–stretch, temperature

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40
Q

proprioceptors

A

body position, muscle tone, movement

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41
Q

free nerve endings

A

mechanical stimuli and pain

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42
Q

the central nervous system is composed of…

A

the brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

the spinal cord is an extension of…

A

the brain that is divided into segments by vertebrae with spinal nerves in each segment

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44
Q

the interior of spinal cord contains ____ while the exterior contains ______

A

grey matter
white matter
(the brain is the opposite)

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45
Q

ventral roots contain what type of neurons?

A

efferent motor neurons

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46
Q

dorsal roots contain what type of neurons?

A

sensory neurons

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47
Q

the grey matter of the cerebral cortex contains…

A

multiple distinct layers

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48
Q

the brain has _____ matter on the outside
and ______ matter on the inside

A

grey
white

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49
Q

the brain and spinal cord both contribute to the ….

A

autonomic nervous system

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50
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight
tells body to send blood to the muscles, increase heart and respiration rate so that you are ready to respond to a dangerous situation

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51
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest (calm)
will regulate body when calm; sends signals to the body to digest food and take care of body maintenance things

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52
Q

cerebral cortex

A

largest part of our brain

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53
Q

what are the prominent cells in the cerebral cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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54
Q

the cerebellum is located at…

A

the back of the brain

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55
Q

the cerebellum contains many…

A

folds and is separated into layers

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56
Q

molecular layer

A

outermost layer-typically lightly stained (cerebellum)

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57
Q

perkinje cell layer

A

contains large neurons (cerebellum)

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58
Q

granular layer

A

inner layer-darker staining (cerebellum)

59
Q

the brain is covered by layers of…

A

connective tissue

60
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer made of the brain and spinal cord
made of thick connective tissue that connects to periosteum of skull

61
Q

arachnoid layer

A

middle layer of CNS
-composed of some cells and loose connective tissue with trabeculae and spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid

62
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of CNS
-delicate connective tissue intertwined with connective tissue of vasculature

63
Q

the circulatory system consists of…

A

-the heart
-lymphatic vessels
-blood vessels

64
Q

the circulatory system is responsible for

A

-circulation of oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones and other materials throughout the body

65
Q

exchange occurs in the…

A

capillary beds

66
Q

the circulatory system is a _______ system that returns _________

A

closed
blood to the heart

67
Q

what are the three layers that blood vessels contain?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

68
Q

tunia intima

A

innermost layer consisting of endothelium, basal lamina and a thin layer of loose CT (may contain elastic tissue)

69
Q

tunica media

A

-main component is smooth muscle
-thicker in arteries than veins
-may contain reticular and elastic fibers (in larger blood vessels)

70
Q

tunica adventitia

A

-the outermost layer made primarily of collagen fibers
-thinner in arteries than in veins
-larger vessels will have their own innervation and vascularization

71
Q

what is the largest elastic artery?

A

aorta

72
Q

tunica intima is thick with…

A

elastic tissue

73
Q

tunica media is thick with…

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

74
Q

tunica adventitia is…

A

thinner but also contains collagen and elastic fibers as well as smaller blood vessels

75
Q

muscular arteries are _______ in diameter than elastic arteries

A

smaller

76
Q

describe tunica media in muscular arteries

A

mostly smooth muscle with less elastic tissue as vessel size decreases

77
Q

describe tunica adventitia in muscular arteries

A

thick and contains CT and external elastic membrane in larger muscular arteries (as size decreases so does the amount of external elastic membrane)

78
Q

arteries lead to…

A

arterioles

79
Q

arterioles

A

smaller vessels with a thin intimate, small media containing only a few layers of smooth muscle and an adventitia that blends into surrounding CT

80
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels

81
Q

capillaries consist of

A

endothelium
underlying basal lamina

82
Q

continuous capillaries

A

contain a solid endothelium with cells connected by tight junctions
found in: muscle and lungs

83
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

contain small gaps between endothelial cells for fluid exchange
found in: glands and sites of fluid absorptions

84
Q

discontinuous capillaries

A

contain large gaps in the endothelium that cells can pass through
found in: liver, spleen, marrow

85
Q

veins carry blood…

A

back to the heart

86
Q

veins tend to have ______ media and ______ adventitia than arteries

A

thinner
thicker

87
Q

veins contain _____ that prevent back flow

A

valves

88
Q

heart

A

four chambered pump that circulates blood to our lungs and body

89
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood is circulated throughout all of our body

90
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood through the lungs

91
Q

_______ regulate flow into and out of chambers

A

valves

92
Q

the heart is mainly composed of…

A

cardiac muscle and a fibrous skeleton

93
Q

what are the three layers of the heart?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

94
Q

epicardium

A

-the outermost layer
-composed of a layer of endothelial cels and connective tissue

95
Q

myocardium

A

-contains cardiac muscle cells within a support matrix

96
Q

endocardium

A

-composed of endothelial cells lining the heart chambers and underlying connective tissue

97
Q

heart rate is controlled…

A

automatically

98
Q

SA node triggers…

A

heartbeat and atrial contraction

99
Q

perkinje fibers

A

send signal to AV node to trigger ventricular contraction

100
Q

what is unique about the lymphatic system?

A

it’s distributed throughout the whole body and located in specific organs

101
Q

lymphatic system is important in…

A

the immune system

102
Q

what is included in the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen

103
Q

immune system cells travel through…

A

lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

104
Q

foreign materials are filtered by…

A

lymph nodes

105
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue is not enclosed by…

A

a connective tissue capsule

106
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue is located…

A

beneath epithelia (concentration of immune cells)

107
Q

where is diffuse lymphatic tissue commonly found?

A

gut, respiratory, and excretory systems

108
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue is located at possible sights of…

A

entry for quick detection of foreign materials

109
Q

lymphatic nodules

A

defined but not encapsulated lymphatic tissue

110
Q

where can lymphatic nodules be found?

A

bronchi, gut, tonsils, adenoids

111
Q

lymphatic nodules are a concentration of…

A

lymphocytes in a mesh of reticular fibers

112
Q

lymph nodes

A

encapsulated structures located along lymph vessels

113
Q

capsule

A

dense connective tissue in lymph nodes

114
Q

trabeculae

A

extensions fo capsule into center of lymph node

115
Q

reticular fibers support…

A

lymphatic cells

116
Q

what is the outer portion of the lymph node?

A

the cortex
-has dense masses of lymphocytes

117
Q

what is the inner portion of the lymph node?

A

the medulla
-cords of lymphatic tissue separated by sinuses for filtration of lymph

118
Q

follicular dendritic cells…

A

catch and store antigens on their surface for detection by lymphocytes

119
Q

thymus

A

programming, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells
later released into blood

120
Q

spleen

A

filters blood and reacts to blood-borne antigens

121
Q

white pulp

A

dense in lymphocytes, stains purple

122
Q

red pulp

A

filtration and degradation of red blood cells

123
Q

integumentary system

A

skin and derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands)

124
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

125
Q

dermis

A

loose and dense irregular CT

126
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous CT and adipose

127
Q

most of the body is covered with …

A

thin skin

128
Q

palms and soles of feet have…

A

thick skin

129
Q

epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium with 4-5 layers

130
Q

keratinocytes

A

skin cells
-become keratinized as they move up through epidermis

131
Q

melanocytes

A

form melanin in response to UV light for UV protection

132
Q

langerhans cells

A

antigen presenting cell in spinous

133
Q

merkel’s cell

A

mechanoreceptor in basale

134
Q

free nerve endings

A

heat/cold, fine touch

135
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

pressure receptors

136
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

touch receptor in thick skin

137
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

mechanoreceptor that responds to displacement of collagen

138
Q

dermal papillae project into…

A

epidermis

139
Q

dermal ridges form in…

A

thick skin (finger prints)

140
Q

papillary layer

A

layer of loose CT beneath epidermis

141
Q

reticular layer

A

layer of dense irregular CT beneath papillary layer

142
Q

what are the types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

143
Q

eccrine glands

A

produce watery sweat
simple coiled glands
role in temperature regulation

144
Q

apocrine glands

A

associated with hairs at axilla
large lumen glands produce an oily product

histology (2 decks)

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