exam 2 flashcards
1
Q
the nervous system is composed of…
A
neurons and accessory cells (and connective tissue)
2
Q
neurons conduct
A
nerve impulses
3
Q
accessory cells…
A
support neurons
4
Q
the nervous system includes…
A
the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) peripheral nervous system (runs throughout our body)
5
Q
the peripheral nervous system is composed of
A
the somatic system
the autonomic system
6
Q
somatic system
A
sensory (involuntary) and motor nerves (voluntary)
7
Q
autonomic system
A
involuntary system:
sympathetic and parasympathetic
regulates bodily functions
8
Q
neurons carry…
A
electrical impulses
9
Q
sensory neurons respond to…
A
stimuli
10
Q
motor neurons…
A
generate movement
11
Q
blood vessels are present in…
A
nervous tissue
12
Q
what are the primary cells of the nervous system?
A
neurons
13
Q
neurons regulate…
A
internal organs
14
Q
what are the supporting cells in the central nervous system?
A
Glial cells
15
Q
what are the supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system?
A
Schwann cells and satellite cells
16
Q
function of supporting cells
A
provide physical and nutritional support to neurons and electrical insulation
17
Q
why do neurons need supporting cells?
A
because neurons are very fragile
18
Q
what does the cell body of a neuron contain?
A
nucleus with nucleoli and Nissl bodies (darkly stained rER)
19
Q
axons transmit…
A
information
20
Q
axons may be…
A
myelinated or unmyelinated (grey matter)
21
Q
dendrites send…
A
sensory information to cell body (unmyelinated)
they are thinner projections
22
Q
what are the types of neurons?
A
motor (somatic nervous sytem)
sensory
integrative
23
Q
synapses transmit…
A
signals between neurons (chemical and electrical)
24
Q
chemical =
A
neurotransmitter
25
electrical =
no neurotransmitter
26
Schwann cells form...
myelin sheath in PNS
27
oligodendrocytes form...
myelin sheath in CNS
28
astrocytes provide...
physical and metabolic support for CNS
29
microglia are the...
cleaners and immune system of the CNS
30
the peripheral nervous system is composed of...
nerves
31
nerves are...
bundles of axons that are supported by connective tissue and Schwann cells
32
what are the layers of connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system?
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
33
endoneurium
surrounds individual axons
34
perineurium
surrounds bundles of axons
35
epineurium
surrounds entire nerve
36
peripheral nerves are either...
motor nerves or sensory nerves
37
distal ends of sensory neurons contains...
sensory structures
38
exteroceptors
external stimuli like touch, taste, smell, sound and light
39
enteroceptors
stimuli from within the body--stretch, temperature
40
proprioceptors
body position, muscle tone, movement
41
free nerve endings
mechanical stimuli and pain
42
the central nervous system is composed of...
the brain and spinal cord
43
the spinal cord is an extension of...
the brain that is divided into segments by vertebrae with spinal nerves in each segment
44
the interior of spinal cord contains ____ while the exterior contains ______
grey matter
white matter
(the brain is the opposite)
45
ventral roots contain what type of neurons?
efferent motor neurons
46
dorsal roots contain what type of neurons?
sensory neurons
47
the grey matter of the cerebral cortex contains...
multiple distinct layers
48
the brain has _____ matter on the outside
and ______ matter on the inside
grey
white
49
the brain and spinal cord both contribute to the ....
autonomic nervous system
50
sympathetic
fight or flight
tells body to send blood to the muscles, increase heart and respiration rate so that you are ready to respond to a dangerous situation
51
parasympathetic
rest and digest (calm)
will regulate body when calm; sends signals to the body to digest food and take care of body maintenance things
52
cerebral cortex
largest part of our brain
53
what are the prominent cells in the cerebral cortex?
pyramidal cells
54
the cerebellum is located at...
the back of the brain
55
the cerebellum contains many...
folds and is separated into layers
56
molecular layer
outermost layer-typically lightly stained (cerebellum)
57
perkinje cell layer
contains large neurons (cerebellum)
58
granular layer
inner layer-darker staining (cerebellum)
59
the brain is covered by layers of...
connective tissue
60
dura mater
outermost layer made of the brain and spinal cord
made of thick connective tissue that connects to periosteum of skull
61
arachnoid layer
middle layer of CNS
-composed of some cells and loose connective tissue with trabeculae and spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid
62
pia mater
innermost layer of CNS
-delicate connective tissue intertwined with connective tissue of vasculature
63
the circulatory system consists of...
-the heart
-lymphatic vessels
-blood vessels
64
the circulatory system is responsible for
-circulation of oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones and other materials throughout the body
65
exchange occurs in the...
capillary beds
66
the circulatory system is a _______ system that returns _________
closed
blood to the heart
67
what are the three layers that blood vessels contain?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
68
tunia intima
innermost layer consisting of endothelium, basal lamina and a thin layer of loose CT (may contain elastic tissue)
69
tunica media
-main component is smooth muscle
-thicker in arteries than veins
-may contain reticular and elastic fibers (in larger blood vessels)
70
tunica adventitia
-the outermost layer made primarily of collagen fibers
-thinner in arteries than in veins
-larger vessels will have their own innervation and vascularization
71
what is the largest elastic artery?
aorta
72
tunica intima is thick with...
elastic tissue
73
tunica media is thick with...
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
74
tunica adventitia is...
thinner but also contains collagen and elastic fibers as well as smaller blood vessels
75
muscular arteries are _______ in diameter than elastic arteries
smaller
76
describe tunica media in muscular arteries
mostly smooth muscle with less elastic tissue as vessel size decreases
77
describe tunica adventitia in muscular arteries
thick and contains CT and external elastic membrane in larger muscular arteries (as size decreases so does the amount of external elastic membrane)
78
arteries lead to...
arterioles
79
arterioles
smaller vessels with a thin intimate, small media containing only a few layers of smooth muscle and an adventitia that blends into surrounding CT
80
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
81
capillaries consist of
endothelium
underlying basal lamina
82
continuous capillaries
contain a solid endothelium with cells connected by tight junctions
found in: muscle and lungs
83
fenestrated capillaries
contain small gaps between endothelial cells for fluid exchange
found in: glands and sites of fluid absorptions
84
discontinuous capillaries
contain large gaps in the endothelium that cells can pass through
found in: liver, spleen, marrow
85
veins carry blood...
back to the heart
86
veins tend to have ______ media and ______ adventitia than arteries
thinner
thicker
87
veins contain _____ that prevent back flow
valves
88
heart
four chambered pump that circulates blood to our lungs and body
89
systemic circulation
blood is circulated throughout all of our body
90
pulmonary circulation
circulation of blood through the lungs
91
_______ regulate flow into and out of chambers
valves
92
the heart is mainly composed of...
cardiac muscle and a fibrous skeleton
93
what are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
94
epicardium
-the outermost layer
-composed of a layer of endothelial cels and connective tissue
95
myocardium
-contains cardiac muscle cells within a support matrix
96
endocardium
-composed of endothelial cells lining the heart chambers and underlying connective tissue
97
heart rate is controlled...
automatically
98
SA node triggers...
heartbeat and atrial contraction
99
perkinje fibers
send signal to AV node to trigger ventricular contraction
100
what is unique about the lymphatic system?
it's distributed throughout the whole body and located in specific organs
101
lymphatic system is important in...
the immune system
102
what is included in the lymphatic system?
lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
103
immune system cells travel through...
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
104
foreign materials are filtered by...
lymph nodes
105
diffuse lymphatic tissue is not enclosed by...
a connective tissue capsule
106
diffuse lymphatic tissue is located...
beneath epithelia (concentration of immune cells)
107
where is diffuse lymphatic tissue commonly found?
gut, respiratory, and excretory systems
108
diffuse lymphatic tissue is located at possible sights of...
entry for quick detection of foreign materials
109
lymphatic nodules
defined but not encapsulated lymphatic tissue
110
where can lymphatic nodules be found?
bronchi, gut, tonsils, adenoids
111
lymphatic nodules are a concentration of...
lymphocytes in a mesh of reticular fibers
112
lymph nodes
encapsulated structures located along lymph vessels
113
capsule
dense connective tissue in lymph nodes
114
trabeculae
extensions fo capsule into center of lymph node
115
reticular fibers support...
lymphatic cells
116
what is the outer portion of the lymph node?
the cortex
-has dense masses of lymphocytes
117
what is the inner portion of the lymph node?
the medulla
-cords of lymphatic tissue separated by sinuses for filtration of lymph
118
follicular dendritic cells...
catch and store antigens on their surface for detection by lymphocytes
119
thymus
programming, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells
later released into blood
120
spleen
filters blood and reacts to blood-borne antigens
121
white pulp
dense in lymphocytes, stains purple
122
red pulp
filtration and degradation of red blood cells
123
integumentary system
skin and derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands)
124
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
125
dermis
loose and dense irregular CT
126
hypodermis
subcutaneous CT and adipose
127
most of the body is covered with ...
thin skin
128
palms and soles of feet have...
thick skin
129
epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium with 4-5 layers
130
keratinocytes
skin cells
-become keratinized as they move up through epidermis
131
melanocytes
form melanin in response to UV light for UV protection
132
langerhans cells
antigen presenting cell in spinous
133
merkel's cell
mechanoreceptor in basale
134
free nerve endings
heat/cold, fine touch
135
pacinian corpuscle
pressure receptors
136
meissner's corpuscle
touch receptor in thick skin
137
Ruffini corpuscle
mechanoreceptor that responds to displacement of collagen
138
dermal papillae project into...
epidermis
139
dermal ridges form in...
thick skin (finger prints)
140
papillary layer
layer of loose CT beneath epidermis
141
reticular layer
layer of dense irregular CT beneath papillary layer
142
what are the types of sweat glands?
eccrine glands and apocrine glands
143
eccrine glands
produce watery sweat
simple coiled glands
role in temperature regulation
144
apocrine glands
associated with hairs at axilla
large lumen glands produce an oily product
