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General Pathology > Exam 2 Feed > Flashcards

Exam 2 Feed Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperemia

A

occurs in inflammation

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2
Q

What is Hyperemia?

A

active process in which arteriolar dilation (e.g., at sites of inflammation or in skeletal muscle during exercise) leads to increased blood flow.

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3
Q

Is Congestion an active or passive process?

A

passive

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4
Q

is hyperemia an active or passive process?

A

active

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5
Q

what is congestion inflammation?

A

resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

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6
Q

The gross morphologic appearance of a liver that has undergone a chronic passive congestion is called

A

Nutmeg liver

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7
Q

In chronic passive congestion of the liver what morphologic
findings are not seen?

a. the centrilobular regions are grossly red-brown and slightly depressed
b. Nephrosis of the hepatocyte at the periphery of the hepatic lobule and sparing at the center
c. tan periportal regions,

A

b. Nephrosis of the hepatocyte at the periphery of the hepatic lobule and sparing at the center

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8
Q

Among the following pathologic conditions of edema except:

A. Nephrotic sydrome

B. Malnutrition

C. Pericardial endocarditis

D. Cirrhosis

A

C. Pericardial endocarditis

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9
Q

Nephrotic sydrome, Malnutrition, Protein-losing gastroenteropathy, Cirrhosis

Are pathology of what?

A

Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure (Hypoproteinemia)

Edema

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10
Q

Disorders that perturb cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function are often marked by the accumulation of fluid in tissue

A

edema

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11
Q

Edema

A

Outward movement from intravascular to extravascular

space

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12
Q

Disorders that perturb cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function are often marked by the accumulation of fluid in body cavity

A

effusions

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13
Q

A 65/M suffering from liver problems has a bloated peritoneal cavity.

Peritoneal collection of edema fluid is called:

A. Peritonitis

B. Ascites

C. Peritoneal hydritis

D. Anasarca

A

B. Ascites - abnormal accumulation fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

Explanation:
a. peritonitis - a potentially fatal inflammation of the abdomen’s lining

d. Anasarca is an advanced form of edema in which the inflammation spreads to multiple parts areas or the entire body

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14
Q

Edema fluid that accumulates due to increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced intravascular colloid pressure

A. Has protein rich transudate

B. Has a specific gravity less than 1.012

C. Has protein poor exudate

D. Has a specific gravity greater than 1.020

A

B. Has a specific gravity less than 1.012 aka Transudate

Explanation:
a. transudate - are protein poor / non inflammatory / hydrostatic pressure

c. exudate - protein rich / inflmmation
d. specific gravity >1.020 is exudate

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15
Q

Which is most likely to develop edema?

A

-female who underwent hysterectomy

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16
Q

Pitting edema is caused by?

A

nephrotic syndrome - due to increased loss of plasma albumin

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure is reduced
plasma albumin also due to decreased synthesis (e.g., liver disease, protein malnutrition)

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17
Q

Subcutaneous edema?

a. appears initially in parts of the body containing loose connective tissue, such as the eyelids
b. accumulates preferentially in areas most distant from the heart

A
  • accumulates preferentially in areas most distant from the macrophages heart
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18
Q

Hemosiderin laden macrophages in chronically congested lungs
are called?

a. lung failure cells
b. heart failure cells

A

heart failure cells

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19
Q

Pleural cavity

A

(hydrothorax)

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20
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

• (hydropericardium)

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21
Q

• Peritoneal cavity

A

(hydroperitoneum, or ascites)

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22
Q

• Anasarca is

A

severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities

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23
Q

Hemorrhage that is 0.7 cm

a. purpura
b. petechiae
c. ecchymoses
d. bruise

A

a. purpura - - medium-sized (> 3 mm to < 1 cm)

Wrong answers:

Petechiae - tiny (1-2 mm)

Ecchymoses - bruises (> 1 cm)

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24
Q

Function of actin and myosin in platelets

a. adhesion
b. aggregation
c. fibrin stabilization
d. clot contraction

A

d. clot contraction

25
Q

Hemorrhage that is 2 mm

A

Petechiae

26
Q

Which of the following endothelial modulation have
Antithrombotic properties?

a. ADPase
b. Plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs)
c. Tissue factor
d. von Willebrand Factor

A

a. ADPase

Wrong answers:

b. Plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs) - Prothrombotic
c. Tissue factor - Prothrombotic
d. von Willebrand Factor - Prothrombotic

27
Q

In hemostasis the 1st/primary process is?

A

Reflex Vasoconstriction

28
Q

Blood test screen for extrinsic pathway

a. aPPT
b. PT

A

b. PT

29
Q

Coagulation factor common in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway:

a. Anti hemophilia Factor
b. Calcium Factor
c. Christmas Factor
d. Tissue Factor

A

b. Calcium Factor

30
Q

Virchow’s triad except:

A. Endothelium injury

B. Collateral formation

C. Turbulence

D. Hypercoagulability of the blood

A

B. Collateral formation

31
Q

Hypercoagulability of the blood:

A. Oopherectomy

B. Protease receptor present in blood

C. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

D. Vit K deficiency

A

C. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

32
Q

Peppa was involved in a motor accident, having a broken left femur. 24 hrs after hospitalization, she complained of difficulty of breathing. She soon went into coma and died. Autopsy findings found what kind of embolism?

a. air
b. amniotic fluid
c. thrombosis
d. fat

A

d. fat - bone marrow or soft tissue trauma releases adipocytes into blood that can plug distant sites

Fracture in long bones. Visible in the microscope.

wrong answers:

a. air - rapid depressurization causes gas to bubble out of solution; these bubbles block blood vessels causing infarction in muscles, brain, and other organs
b. amniotic fluid - trauma during childbirth may allow amniotic fluid (and its non-fluid contents such as dead skin cells, mucus, etc.) to enter maternal circulation and cause remote blockages

33
Q

Which organs/tissues most likely suffer from white infarct.

a. bone
b. lungs
c. small intestine
d. spleen

A

d. spleen - Occur with arterial occlusions in solid organs with end-arterial circulation (e.g., heart, spleen, and kidney), and where tissue density limits the seepage of blood from adjoining capillary beds into the necrotic area.

wrong answer
b. lungs - red infarct

c. small intestine - red infarct

red infarct - in loose tissues (e.g., lung) where blood can collect in infarcted zones
• in tissues with dual circulations such as lung and small intestine

34
Q

The hallmark characteristic of infarction

A

-ischemic coagulative necrosis

35
Q

Systemic effects of cytokine storm and septic shock

A

-disseminated intravascular coagulation

36
Q

All are causes pain in acute appendicitis except:

A. Chemical mediators

B. Nerve stretching

C. Migration of inflammatory cells

D. Pain receptor stretching

A

C. Migration of inflammatory cells

37
Q

Which of the following describes granuloma in Tuberculosis

A. non cereating granuloma with abundant activated
macrophages

B. tubercle with activated macrophages, central necrosis, occasional langhans giant cells

C. plasma infiltrates with the wall of histiocytes

A

B. tubercle with activated macrophages, central necrosis, occasional langhans giant cells

38
Q

IgE mediated cells seen in allergic rxn and increase in parasitic infections

a. basophils
b. eosinophils
c. neutrophils

A

b. eosinophils

39
Q

This is caused by excess collagen in hypertrophic scar with no regression:

a. contracture
b. keloid
c. ulcer
d. wound dehiscence

A

b. keloid

wrong answer

a. contracture - exaggerated contraction of wound
c. ulcer - Wound can ulcerate due to inadequate vascularization during healing
d. wound dehiscence - Dehiscence / rupture is commonly encountered after abdominal surgery. Vomiting, coughing, or ileus can generate mechanical stress on the abdominal wound

40
Q

Factor that cause delay in wound healing that is usually seen in diabetic patients?

foreign bodies

nutrition

metabolic

size, location & type of wound

A

-metabolic status

41
Q

60 y/o female suffered radiating chest pain 6hrs radiograph showed MI measuring 3x4 cm in left ventricle, serum creatinine was measured at 600 u/L which of the ff. pathologic findings was probably found in LV after 1 month?

A

-fibrous scar

42
Q

23 y/o female taking corticosteroid therapy for autoimmine disorder develops an abscess on the upper outer arm. She underwent minor surgery to incise and drain the abscess but noticed that the wound did not heal after a month. What is most likely reduced?

A. Re-epithelialization

B. Fibroblast growth factor production

C. Collagen deposition

D. Serine proteinase production

A

B. Fibroblast growth factor production

43
Q

Cardinal sign caused by stretching of pain receptors and nerve by inflammatory or chemical mediators

Rubor

Calor

Tumor

Dolor

A

Dolor

44
Q

Function Laesa except:

A. Pain
B. Hyperplasia / fibroplasia
C. Disruption of tissue
D. None of the above

A

A. Pain

B. Hyperplasia / fibroplasia

Dapat A pero B sinabi

45
Q

What causes fibrous inflammation?

A

-greater increase permeability that leads to the formation

46
Q

A 40 y.o patient with hepatitis. Liver enzyme test were twice
higher from normal. After a month of appropriate treatment, liver enzymes were back to normal. What phase of cell cycle best describe the hepatocyte?

 A. G0
 B. G1
 C. G2
 D. S
 E. M
A

A. G0

hepatocyte is stable (quiescent) cell

47
Q

Movement of leukocytes is most likely mediated by:

A

-chemokines

48
Q

A 75 y/o man died of myocardial infarction. At autopsy, section of infarct shows that the necrotic myocardium has largely been replaced by fibroblasts, collagen. Various inflammatory cells are present. Which of the following inflammatory cell types of this lesion play an important role in wound healing?

A

-Macrophages

49
Q

Scar formation is seen except:

A

-Benign hepatic tumor ressection

50
Q

What type of fibrillar deficiency seen on osteogenesis

imperfecta?

A

-type 1

51
Q

All are Quiescent tissues except:

a. hematopoietic Stem Cells
b. parenchymal cells of liver
c. mesenchymal cells
d. vascular endothelial cells

A

a. Hematopoietic Stem Cells CONTINUOUSLY DIVIDING TISSUES (LABILE TISSUES)

52
Q

Permanent tissues except:

A. Skeletal muscle

B. Parenchymal cells of pancreas

C. Neuron

D. Cardiac muscle cells

A

B. Parenchymal cells of pancreas

53
Q

Labile tissues, except:

A. Lining epithelium of skin

B. Lining epithelium of exocrine pancreatic glands

C. Lining epithelium of uterus

D. Satellite cells

A

D. Satellite cells - permanent

54
Q

Pathogenesis of pain in acute appendicitis is mediated by the release of:

A. Thromboxane A2

B. Kinin

C. Histamine

A

B. Kinin

55
Q

Role of serotonin in acute inflammatory process except:

A. Vasodilation

B. Bronchoconstriction

C. Increased permeability

D. Pain mediator

A

D. Pain mediator

56
Q
  1. Complement protein that is anaphylatoxin.

- C3a

A

-C3a

57
Q
  1. Type of collagen with the highest tensile strength
    a. Type 1
    b. Type 2
    c. Type 3
    d. Type 4
A

a. Type 1

58
Q

Wound Contracture is seen in

A

-Second degree burn

General Pathology (5 decks)

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