Exam 2- Exercise and activity Flashcards
Abduction
Lateral movement away from midline
Adduction
lateral movement toward the midline
Circumduction
Turning in a circular motion
Flexion
State of being bent
Extension
State of being in a straight line
Hyperextension
Exaggerated extension, angle greater than 180 degrees
Dorflexion
Backward bending of hand or foot
Plantar flexion
Flexion of foot
Rotation
Turning on an axis
Internal rotation
body part turning on its axis towards the midline
External rotation
Body part turning on its axxis away from the midline
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is faces down
Supination
Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces upward
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot outward
Opposition
Rotation of the thumb around its long access (to touch each finger tip)
Paresis
Weakness
Plegia
Paralysis
Rhonchi
Sibilant Rhonchi- High pitched wheezing
Sonorous- low pitched wheezing
Rales
Crackles
Orthopedics
Correction or prevent of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
An object is balanced when: (3)
Center of gravity is close to its base of support
the line of gravity goes through the base of support
the object has a wide base of support
Balance occurs when body is in alignment, what is this body position
Spread feet shoulder width, flex hips and knees
Fibrous Joint
Immovable- synarthrosis
example: Sutures between bones in skull
Cartilaginous joints
slight moveable- amphiarthrosis
example: joints between vertebrae
Synovial
freely movable (diarthrosis) example: Gliding, hinge, pivot
Ball and socket joint
Synovial joint
Shoulder and hip
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation can occur
Condyloid joint
Synovial joint
Wrist joint and joint connecting fingers to palm
flexion, extension, abduction and adduction can occur
Gliding joint
Synovial joint
Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the feet
Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction can occur
Hinge joint
Synovial joint
Elbow, knee, ankle
flexion and extension can occur
Pivot joint
synovial joint
between atlas and axis of neck and between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna
limited rotation
Saddle joint
Synovial joint
joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and opposition can occur
* Thumb is only joint that can perform opposition
Tendon
Connects muscle to bone, reduces friction between moving parts of the joint
Ligament
Connects bone to cartilage
Cartilage
Hard, non-vascular connective tissue foind in joints
shock absorber
smooth surface
Immobilities affect on cardiovascular system
- Increased cardiac workload
- risk for orthostatic hypotension
- risk for venous thrombosis formation
- decreased circulating blood
- pooling in lower extremities
- decreased autonomic response
Immobilities affect on respiratory system
-decrease depth and rate of respiration
-pooling of secretions
-impaired gas exchange
-decreased hemoglobin levels
-lungs shift position
respiratory muscle weakness
-stasis of secretions
Immobilities affect on gastrointestinal system
- Altered protein metabolism
- altered digestion
- decrease in peristalsis
- constipation
- impaction, adequate fluid intake helps
Immobilties affect on urinary system
- Decreased bladder muscle tone
- increase risk for renal calculi
- increase urinary stasis
- recumbent position slows urinary flow
- decreased output
- risk for uti
Immobilities affect on Musculoskeletal system
- Decrease in muscle size, tone and strength(atrophy)
- Decreased strength and balance
- joint contracture
- disuse osteoporosis
- pathological fractures
Immobilities affect on metabolic system
- Metabolic rate falls
- unintended weight gain
- decreased oxygen demand
- changes in metabolism of carbs, protein and fats
- GI disturbances
Immobilities affect on Integumentary system
- Increases risk for skin breakdown and increase pressure injury risk
- pressure at bone prominences
- ischemia
- pressure ulcer formation
Immobilities affect on psychological (system)
- increased sense of pwerlessness
- decrease in self concept
- decrease social interaction
- decrease sensory stimulation
- increase risk for depression
- altered sleep patterns
Immoblities affect on neurological system
- nerve impulses stimulate muscle to contract
- neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to the other
