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Exam 2 Drug "OIAs" Flashcards

1
Q

Acyclovir

A

Class: Antiviral
Indication: herpes simlpex virus (HSV) and shingles
side effects: nausea, diarrhea, headache, nephrotoxicity
DI: increased nephrotoxicity w/ NSAIDs

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2
Q

Alosetron (Lotronex)

A

class: 5HT3-Receptor Antagonist
indication: IBS w/ diarrhea (WOMEN ONLY)
side effects: constipation, fatigue, HA, abdominal discomfort
DI: don’t use in history of constipation, ischemic colitis, crohn’s. discontinue if constipation develops

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3
Q

Amphetamine Salts (Adderall)

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD and narcolepsy
side effects: tachycardia, insomni, anxiety, appetite suppression
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors

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4
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

indication: serious gram-negative bacterial infections
side effects: neurotoxicity Irreversible nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
DI: avoid w/ other nephrotoxic drugs

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5
Q

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

A

class: non-stimulant
indication: ADHD treatment
side effects: Gi upset, excessive sleepiness, dizziness, decreased libido, increased BP/HR
DI: avoid w/ MAO inhibitors, same psych warning as stimulants

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6
Q

Aminosalicylates

A

indication: IBD
side effects: abdominal pain, HA, constipation, dizziness, oligospermia
DI: can interact with other GI drugs
first line of treatment for UC, NOT Crohn’s

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7
Q

Azathioprine

A

indication: immunosuppressant for IBD and transplant rejection prevention
side effects: bone marrow suppression, nausea, increased infection risk
DI: avoid with allopurinol

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8
Q

Azithromycin

A

macrolide
Gi irritation, dizziness, fatigue, palpitations
antibitoics
avoid in pregnant women

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9
Q

Bactrim-DS

A

Indication: UTI, bronchitis, ear infections
side effects: rash, nausea, photosensitivity, Steven-Johnson Syndrome
DI: increased bleeding risk w/ warfarin

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10
Q

Biphosphonates

A

indication: osteoporosis prevention/treatment – first line agent
MOA: increase bone density by stopping osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption
side effects: heartburn, N/V, trouble swallowing. must stand or sit up for 30min after swallowing oral
DI: avoid calcium or antacids near dosingg

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11
Q

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

A

class: non-stimulant - antidepressant
indication: ADHD, depression, smoking cessation
side effects: insomnia, dry mouth, seizures, decreased appetite
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors and seizure-prone patients

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12
Q

Calciferol (Vitamin D)

A

indication: vitamin d deficiency, osteoporosis prevention
side effects: hypercalcemia
di: avoid with excessive calcium supplements

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13
Q

Calcitonin

A

indication: osteoporosis, hypercalcemia
side effects: nasal irritation (spray), flushing
DI: may interact with lithium (reduces lithium levels)

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14
Q

Calcium (Carbonate & Citrate)

A

class: antacids / supplements
indications: Calcium carbonate used for calcium deficiency and GERD.
Calcium citrate better BONE absorption, especially older adults.
uses: heartburn, acid indigestion, calcium supplement for osteoporosis
Side effects: constipation, kidney stones at high doses
DI: antibiotics, biphosphonates, levothyroxine, thiazide diuretics

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15
Q

Cephalosporins

A

indication: bacterial infections (UTIs, pneumonia)
side effects: rash, diarrhea, risk of superinfection (c. diff)
DI: cross reactivity with penicillins in allergic patients

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16
Q

Chondroitin

A

Indication: osteoarthritis (joint health)
side effects: mild GI upset, possible bleeding risk
DI: may increase bleeding risk with anticoagulants
“USED W/ GLUCOSAMINE

inhibits degradation
ADRs: GI upset, edema, asthma exacerbation
DI: **bleeding risk w/ warfarin”

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17
Q

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

A

class: H2 Blockers
indication: GERD, ulcers
side effects: gyneomastia, confusion in elderly
DI: inhibits CYP450 enzymes (interacts w/ warfarin)

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18
Q

Clonidine

A

class: alpha-2-agonist
indication: ADHD and HTN
side effects: dry mouth, sedation, bradycardia
DI: may interact with beta blockers and increase sedation w/ CNS depressants

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19
Q

Corticosteroids

A

indication: inflammation, moderate to severe IBD

side effects: hyperglycemia, adrenal suppresion (Cushing’s syndrome), peptic ulcers, immunosuppression

DI: increased risk of GI bleed with NSAIDs

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20
Q

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

A

use: antioxidant, cardiovascular protection, myopathy from statins
efficacy: inconclusive for HF, limited for myopathy
ADRs (rare): GI upset, HA, irritability, dizziness
DI: may decrease warfarin effects

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21
Q

Creatine

A

Use: enhance muscle mass
efficacy: positive effect on increasing muscle mass w/ intermittent high intensity activity
ADRs: renal damage, GI upset, dehydration, wt gain, muscle cramping
DI: caffeine, ephedra, NSAIDs, Statins

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22
Q

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

A

indication: B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia
side effects: itching, diarrhea, blood clots (rare)
DI: reduced absorption with PPIs and metformin

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23
Q

Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD
side effects: insomnnia, appetite suppresion, tachycardia
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors

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24
Q

Dextroamphetamine

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
side effects: restlessness, insomnia, elevated HR
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors, can interact with SSRIs

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25
DHEA
indications: antiaging, energy boost, erectile dysfunction (off label) side effects: acne, hair loss, hormonal imbalances DI: can interfere with hormone related medications
26
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
class: antihistamine indication: motion sickness, vertigo MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vestibular system side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness DI: increased sedation with alcohol or CNS depressants
27
Docusate (Colace)
indication: stool softener, constipation relief MOA: Emollient side effects: mild GI upset DI: may increase absorption of minteral oil (leading to toxicity)
28
Dronabinol (Marinol)
class: cannabinoids indication: chemo-induced nausea, AIDS-related anorexia MOA: synthetic form of THC, activating cannabinoid receptors in CNS to suppress vomiting center and increase appetite side effects: drowsiness, euphoria, confusion DI: avoid CNS depressants, increased risk of sedation
29
Echinacea
use: immune system support for cold, URIs efficacy: possibly effective for common cold, no evidence to support ADRs: GI upset, rash, allergic reactions (ragweed allergy)
30
Emitricitabine/tenofovir (Truvada)
indication: HIV treatment, PrEP for HIV prevention side effects: GI upset, lactic acidosis, renal toxicity DI: avoid nephrotoxic drugs (risk of kidney) May lead to bone loss and mineralization issues
31
Femotidine (Pepcid)
class: H2 blocker Indication: GERD, ulcers side effects: headache, diarrhea, confusion in elderly DI: may interact with drugs that require acidic stomach environments for absorption and warfarin
32
Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)
class: SGLT2 Inhibitors indication: T2 diabetes, heart failure side effects: UTI, genital infections, dehydration DI: caution with diuretics
33
Fleets Enema
indication: constipation relief MOA: saline side effects: abdominal cramping, rectal irritation DI: caution with other laxatives
34
Fluoroquinolones
indication: broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infections side effects: achilles tendon rupture, QT prolongation, phototoxicity DI: avoid w/ antacids or calcium
35
Folic Acid (B9)
indication: prevention of neural tube defects, anemia side effects: rare allergic reactions DI: methotrexate and phenytoin may interfere with its metabolism
36
Garlic
indication: cholesterol reduction, heart health side effects: bleeding risk, bad breath, GI upset DI: increases bleeding risks with anticoagulants
37
Ginger
use: antiemetic - pregnancy, motion sickness, chemo, surgery *antagonizes serotonin receptors in GI tract efficacy: 1.5gm/day effective for pregnancy, less evidence for motion sickness ADRs: GI upset, heartburn, gas, bloating, increased bleeding risk. DO NOT USE in gallbladder disease
38
Ginkgo Biloba
use: alzheimer's/dementia/memory improvement, antioxidant, antiplatelet efficacy: possibly effective for increasing cognition.memory in otherwise healthy young/mid-age adults *ineffective for age related memory loss + inconsistent results for dementia ADRs: increased risk for bleeding, GI upset, headache, allergy, dizziness
39
GLP-Agonist (e.g. Ozempic)
indication: T2 diabetes, wt loss (off label) side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, risk of thyroid C-cell carcinomas DI: may delay gastric emptying and affect absorption of oral meds
40
Glucophage (Metformin)
class: biguanide indication: T2 Diabetes side effects: GI upset, lactic acidosis (rare) DI: caution w/ alcohol (increased lactic acidosis risk)
41
Glucosamine
NOT recommended by the AAOS or ACR Used for OA and joint health stimulates cartilage/synovial fluid synthesis / inhibits collagen breakdown 4-8 weeks for effect strongest evidence for mild-mod knee OA ADRS: GI upset, hyperglycemia. **caution:shellfish allergy
42
Guanfacine
class: alpha-2-agonist indication: ADHD, hypertension (off label) side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, low BP DI: increased sedation with CNS depressants
43
Hydrochlorothiazide
indication: HTN, edema side effects: electrolyte imbalance, dizziness, photosensitivity DI: increased risk of low potassium when combined with digoxin
44
Insulin
indication: T1 and T2 diabetes Side effects: hypoglycemia, wt gain, lipodystrophy at injection site DI: increased risk of hypoglycemia with other diabetes meds
45
Januvia (Sitagliptin)
class: DPP-4 inhibitor indication: T2 diabetes side effects: GI upset, joint pain, pacreatitis (rare) DI: caution w/ insulin (increased hypoglycemia risk)
46
Kava
use: anxiolytic, sleep, anxiety/stress relief can lead to liver damage - use if monitored by PCP DI: increased sedation w/ alcohol or CNS depressants
47
Lantus (Insulin Glargine)
indication: long-acting insulin for diabetes management side effects: hypoglycemia, wt gain, lipodystrophy at injection site DI: increased hypoglycemia risk with other diabetes meds
48
Levothyroxine
indication: hypothyroidism side effects: insomnia, wt loss, palpitations (if overdosed) DI: reduced absorption with calcium, iron, and antacids
49
Linaclotide (Linzess)
indication: IBS-C side effects: diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain DI: none significant
50
Loperamide (Imodium)
class: opiate indication: diarrhea relief side effects: constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth DI: increased CNS depression with alcohol or sedatives
51
Lubiprostone (Amitizia)
class: CIC-2 indication: chronic constipation, IBS-C *WOMEN ONLY**** side effects: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain DI: none significant
52
Macrolides (e.g. Erythromycin)
indication: respiratory infections, skin infections, STDs side effects: GI upset, QT prolongation, liver toxicity DI: increased risk of QT prolongation w/ certain heart meds (amiodarone)
53
Meclizine (Antivert)
class: antihistamine indication: motion sickness, vertigo MOA: antagonizes H1 histamine receptors in vestibular system, reducing vomiting center stimulation side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision DI: increased sedation w/ alcohol or CNS depressants
54
Metamucil (Psyllium)
indication: fiber supplement for constipation, cholesterol reduction MOA: bulk-forming side effects: bloating, gas, GI upset DI: may delay absorption of other meds
55
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
class: stimulant indication: ADHD, narcolepsy side effects: insomnia, appetite suppression, tachycardia DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors, risk of serotonin syndrome with SSRIs
56
Metoclopramide (Reglan)
class: prokinetic indication: GERD, diabetic gastroparesis MOA: Enhances gastrointestinal motility by antagonizing dopamine D2 receptors and agonizing 5-HT4 receptors side effects: drowsiness, tardic dyskinesia, restlessness DI: increased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms with antipsychotics
57
Miralax (Polyethylene Glycol)
indication: constipation relief MOA: hyperosmotic side effects: bloating, cramping, diarrhea DI: none significant
58
Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir)
Class: Antiviral Indication: COVID-19 treatment in high-risk patients. Nirametrelivir is only for covid ritonavir is for nirametrelivir Side effects: Altered taste, diarrhea, hepatoxic Drug interactions: Significant interaction with medications metabolized by CYP3A.
59
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Indication: Nausea and vomiting prevention (postoperative, chemotherapy). MOA: Selective antagonist of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS' chemoreceptor trigger zone + gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the initiation of the vomiting reflex. Side effects: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation. Drug interactions: Increased QT prolongation risk with other medications affecting heart rhythm (e.g., amiodarone).
60
Ozempic (Semaglutide)
class: GLP-1 Agonist Indication: Type 2 diabetes, weight management (off-label). Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, risk of thyroid tumors. Drug interactions: Caution with other hypoglycemic agents (risk of hypoglycemia).
61
Pantoprazole (Protonix)
class: PPI Indication: GERD, erosive esophagitis. Side effects: Headache, diarrhea, risk of bone fractures with long-term use. Drug interactions: Reduced absorption of drugs requiring acidic environment (e.g., ketoconazole)
62
Pepto-Bismol
class: adsorbent / salicylate Indication: Upset stomach, indigestion, diarrhea Side effects: Black stool/tongue, constipation. Drug interactions: May interfere with tetracyclines and decrease their absorption. AGES UNDER 18 DON'T TAKE - REYES
63
Peramivir
class: neurominidase inhibitor Indication: Influenza (antiviral treatment). Side effects: Diarrhea, skin reactions (rare). Drug interactions: None significant.
64
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Indication: Vitamin B6 deficiency, nausea during pregnancy, certain types of anemia. Side effects: Sensory neuropathy (high doses), drowsiness. Drug interactions: Reduced effectiveness of levodopa.
65
Senna S
Indication: Constipation relief MOA: stimulant laxative - induces peristalsis Side effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance. Drug interactions: May increase potassium loss with diuretics.
66
Simvastatin
Indication: High cholesterol, prevention of cardiovascular disease. Side effects: Muscle pain (myopathy), liver toxicity, rhabdomyolysis (rare). Drug interactions: Increased risk of muscle injury with certain drugs (e.g., amiodarone, grapefruit).
67
SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., Farxiga, Jardiance)
Indication: Type 2 diabetes, heart failure. Side effects: UTI, dehydration, genital infections. Drug interactions: Caution with diuretics (increased dehydration risk).
68
St. John's Wort
use: for depression (DON'T self treat) efficacy: supports for mild-mod depression, insufficient for MDD ADRs: nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, skin reactions, impotence, photosensitivity Avoid: in schizos
69
Tetracyclines
Indication: Respiratory infections, acne, STDs. Side effects: Photosensitivity, GI upset, teeth discoloration in children. Drug interactions: Reduced absorption with calcium, iron, antacids
70
Trulicity (Dulaglutide)
class: GLP-1 Agonist Indication: Type 2 diabetes. Side effects: Nausea, diarrhea, risk of thyroid tumors (rare). Drug interactions: Increased risk of hypoglycemia with insulin or sulfonylureas.
71
Valerian
use: insomnia, anxiety efficacy: inconsistent/inconclusive (1 study showed benefit with dysmenorrohea) ADRs: headache, excitability, insomnia, uneasiness, ataxia, hypothermia safety: short term use pls
72
Vancomycin
Indication: MRSA, serious gram-positive infections (orally for c.diff) Side effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome (if infused too quickly). Drug interactions: Increased nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides) ****ORAL FOR C. DIFF -- IV FOR MRSA****
73
Viloxazine (Qelbree)
class: non-stimulant Indication: ADHD. Side effects: Drowsiness, GI upset, suicidal thoughts. Drug interactions: Caution with other medications affecting serotonin (risk of serotonin syndrome)
74
Vitamin D
Indication: Vitamin D deficiency, bone health (osteoporosis prevention). Side effects: Hypercalcemia (high doses), kidney stones. Drug interactions: Reduced absorption with certain medications (e.g., orlistat, cholestyramine)
75
Vitamin E
Indication: Antioxidant, skin health, eye health. Side effects: Increased bleeding risk (high doses). Drug interactions: Increased bleeding risk with anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)
76
Whey Protein
use: increase muscle mass, weight loss, dietary supplement efficacy: varying results for muscle mass/weight loss but good dietary protein ADRs: rare, effects of longterm use unknown

Pharmacology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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