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Pharmacology Exam 2 > Exam 2 Drug "OIAs" > Flashcards

Exam 2 Drug "OIAs" Flashcards

1
Q

Acyclovir

A

Class: Antiviral
Indication: herpes simlpex virus (HSV) and shingles
side effects: nausea, diarrhea, headache, nephrotoxicity
DI: increased nephrotoxicity w/ NSAIDs

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2
Q

Alosetron (Lotronex)

A

class: 5HT3-Receptor Antagonist
indication: IBS w/ diarrhea (WOMEN ONLY)
side effects: constipation, fatigue, HA, abdominal discomfort
DI: don’t use in history of constipation, ischemic colitis, crohn’s. discontinue if constipation develops

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3
Q

Amphetamine Salts (Adderall)

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD and narcolepsy
side effects: tachycardia, insomni, anxiety, appetite suppression
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors

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4
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

indication: serious gram-negative bacterial infections
side effects: neurotoxicity Irreversible nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
DI: avoid w/ other nephrotoxic drugs

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5
Q

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

A

class: non-stimulant
indication: ADHD treatment
side effects: Gi upset, excessive sleepiness, dizziness, decreased libido, increased BP/HR
DI: avoid w/ MAO inhibitors, same psych warning as stimulants

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6
Q

Aminosalicylates

A

indication: IBD
side effects: abdominal pain, HA, constipation, dizziness, oligospermia
DI: can interact with other GI drugs
first line of treatment for UC, NOT Crohn’s

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7
Q

Azathioprine

A

indication: immunosuppressant for IBD and transplant rejection prevention
side effects: bone marrow suppression, nausea, increased infection risk
DI: avoid with allopurinol

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8
Q

Azithromycin

A

macrolide
Gi irritation, dizziness, fatigue, palpitations
antibitoics
avoid in pregnant women

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9
Q

Bactrim-DS

A

Indication: UTI, bronchitis, ear infections
side effects: rash, nausea, photosensitivity, Steven-Johnson Syndrome
DI: increased bleeding risk w/ warfarin

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10
Q

Biphosphonates

A

indication: osteoporosis prevention/treatment – first line agent
MOA: increase bone density by stopping osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption
side effects: heartburn, N/V, trouble swallowing. must stand or sit up for 30min after swallowing oral
DI: avoid calcium or antacids near dosingg

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11
Q

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

A

class: non-stimulant - antidepressant
indication: ADHD, depression, smoking cessation
side effects: insomnia, dry mouth, seizures, decreased appetite
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors and seizure-prone patients

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12
Q

Calciferol (Vitamin D)

A

indication: vitamin d deficiency, osteoporosis prevention
side effects: hypercalcemia
di: avoid with excessive calcium supplements

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13
Q

Calcitonin

A

indication: osteoporosis, hypercalcemia
side effects: nasal irritation (spray), flushing
DI: may interact with lithium (reduces lithium levels)

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14
Q

Calcium (Carbonate & Citrate)

A

class: antacids / supplements
indications: Calcium carbonate used for calcium deficiency and GERD.
Calcium citrate better BONE absorption, especially older adults.
uses: heartburn, acid indigestion, calcium supplement for osteoporosis
Side effects: constipation, kidney stones at high doses
DI: antibiotics, biphosphonates, levothyroxine, thiazide diuretics

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15
Q

Cephalosporins

A

indication: bacterial infections (UTIs, pneumonia)
side effects: rash, diarrhea, risk of superinfection (c. diff)
DI: cross reactivity with penicillins in allergic patients

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16
Q

Chondroitin

A

Indication: osteoarthritis (joint health)
side effects: mild GI upset, possible bleeding risk
DI: may increase bleeding risk with anticoagulants
“USED W/ GLUCOSAMINE

inhibits degradation
ADRs: GI upset, edema, asthma exacerbation
DI: **bleeding risk w/ warfarin”

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17
Q

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

A

class: H2 Blockers
indication: GERD, ulcers
side effects: gyneomastia, confusion in elderly
DI: inhibits CYP450 enzymes (interacts w/ warfarin)

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18
Q

Clonidine

A

class: alpha-2-agonist
indication: ADHD and HTN
side effects: dry mouth, sedation, bradycardia
DI: may interact with beta blockers and increase sedation w/ CNS depressants

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19
Q

Corticosteroids

A

indication: inflammation, moderate to severe IBD

side effects: hyperglycemia, adrenal suppresion (Cushing’s syndrome), peptic ulcers, immunosuppression

DI: increased risk of GI bleed with NSAIDs

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20
Q

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

A

use: antioxidant, cardiovascular protection, myopathy from statins
efficacy: inconclusive for HF, limited for myopathy
ADRs (rare): GI upset, HA, irritability, dizziness
DI: may decrease warfarin effects

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21
Q

Creatine

A

Use: enhance muscle mass
efficacy: positive effect on increasing muscle mass w/ intermittent high intensity activity
ADRs: renal damage, GI upset, dehydration, wt gain, muscle cramping
DI: caffeine, ephedra, NSAIDs, Statins

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22
Q

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

A

indication: B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia
side effects: itching, diarrhea, blood clots (rare)
DI: reduced absorption with PPIs and metformin

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23
Q

Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD
side effects: insomnnia, appetite suppresion, tachycardia
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors

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24
Q

Dextroamphetamine

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
side effects: restlessness, insomnia, elevated HR
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors, can interact with SSRIs

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25
Q

DHEA

A

indications: antiaging, energy boost, erectile dysfunction (off label)
side effects: acne, hair loss, hormonal imbalances
DI: can interfere with hormone related medications

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26
Q

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

A

class: antihistamine
indication: motion sickness, vertigo
MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vestibular system
side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness
DI: increased sedation with alcohol or CNS depressants

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27
Q

Docusate (Colace)

A

indication: stool softener, constipation relief
MOA: Emollient
side effects: mild GI upset
DI: may increase absorption of minteral oil (leading to toxicity)

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28
Q

Dronabinol (Marinol)

A

class: cannabinoids
indication: chemo-induced nausea, AIDS-related anorexia
MOA: synthetic form of THC, activating cannabinoid receptors in CNS to suppress vomiting center and increase appetite
side effects: drowsiness, euphoria, confusion
DI: avoid CNS depressants, increased risk of sedation

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29
Q

Echinacea

A

use: immune system support for cold, URIs
efficacy: possibly effective for common cold, no evidence to support
ADRs: GI upset, rash, allergic reactions (ragweed allergy)

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30
Q

Emitricitabine/tenofovir (Truvada)

A

indication: HIV treatment, PrEP for HIV prevention
side effects: GI upset, lactic acidosis, renal toxicity
DI: avoid nephrotoxic drugs (risk of kidney)
May lead to bone loss and mineralization issues

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31
Q

Femotidine (Pepcid)

A

class: H2 blocker
Indication: GERD, ulcers
side effects: headache, diarrhea, confusion in elderly
DI: may interact with drugs that require acidic stomach environments for absorption and warfarin

32
Q

Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)

A

class: SGLT2 Inhibitors
indication: T2 diabetes, heart failure
side effects: UTI, genital infections, dehydration
DI: caution with diuretics

33
Q

Fleets Enema

A

indication: constipation relief
MOA: saline
side effects: abdominal cramping, rectal irritation
DI: caution with other laxatives

34
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

indication: broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infections
side effects: achilles tendon rupture, QT prolongation, phototoxicity
DI: avoid w/ antacids or calcium

35
Q

Folic Acid (B9)

A

indication: prevention of neural tube defects, anemia
side effects: rare allergic reactions
DI: methotrexate and phenytoin may interfere with its metabolism

36
Q

Garlic

A

indication: cholesterol reduction, heart health
side effects: bleeding risk, bad breath, GI upset
DI: increases bleeding risks with anticoagulants

37
Q

Ginger

A

use: antiemetic - pregnancy, motion sickness, chemo, surgery
*antagonizes serotonin receptors in GI tract
efficacy: 1.5gm/day effective for pregnancy, less evidence for motion sickness
ADRs: GI upset, heartburn, gas, bloating, increased bleeding risk. DO NOT USE in gallbladder disease

38
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

use: alzheimer’s/dementia/memory improvement, antioxidant, antiplatelet
efficacy: possibly effective for increasing cognition.memory in otherwise healthy young/mid-age adults
*ineffective for age related memory loss + inconsistent results for dementia
ADRs: increased risk for bleeding, GI upset, headache, allergy, dizziness

39
Q

GLP-Agonist (e.g. Ozempic)

A

indication: T2 diabetes, wt loss (off label)
side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, risk of thyroid C-cell carcinomas
DI: may delay gastric emptying and affect absorption of oral meds

40
Q

Glucophage (Metformin)

A

class: biguanide
indication: T2 Diabetes
side effects: GI upset, lactic acidosis (rare)
DI: caution w/ alcohol (increased lactic acidosis risk)

41
Q

Glucosamine

A

NOT recommended by the AAOS or ACR
Used for OA and joint health

stimulates cartilage/synovial fluid synthesis / inhibits collagen breakdown
4-8 weeks for effect
strongest evidence for mild-mod knee OA

ADRS: GI upset, hyperglycemia. **caution:shellfish allergy

42
Q

Guanfacine

A

class: alpha-2-agonist
indication: ADHD, hypertension (off label)
side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, low BP
DI: increased sedation with CNS depressants

43
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

indication: HTN, edema
side effects: electrolyte imbalance, dizziness, photosensitivity
DI: increased risk of low potassium when combined with digoxin

44
Q

Insulin

A

indication: T1 and T2 diabetes
Side effects: hypoglycemia, wt gain, lipodystrophy at injection site
DI: increased risk of hypoglycemia with other diabetes meds

45
Q

Januvia (Sitagliptin)

A

class: DPP-4 inhibitor
indication: T2 diabetes
side effects: GI upset, joint pain, pacreatitis (rare)
DI: caution w/ insulin (increased hypoglycemia risk)

46
Q

Kava

A

use: anxiolytic, sleep, anxiety/stress relief
can lead to liver damage - use if monitored by PCP
DI: increased sedation w/ alcohol or CNS depressants

47
Q

Lantus (Insulin Glargine)

A

indication: long-acting insulin for diabetes management
side effects: hypoglycemia, wt gain, lipodystrophy at injection site
DI: increased hypoglycemia risk with other diabetes meds

48
Q

Levothyroxine

A

indication: hypothyroidism
side effects: insomnia, wt loss, palpitations (if overdosed)
DI: reduced absorption with calcium, iron, and antacids

49
Q

Linaclotide (Linzess)

A

indication: IBS-C
side effects: diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain
DI: none significant

50
Q

Loperamide (Imodium)

A

class: opiate
indication: diarrhea relief
side effects: constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth
DI: increased CNS depression with alcohol or sedatives

51
Q

Lubiprostone (Amitizia)

A

class: CIC-2
indication: chronic constipation, IBS-C WOMEN ONLY***
side effects: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain
DI: none significant

52
Q

Macrolides (e.g. Erythromycin)

A

indication: respiratory infections, skin infections, STDs
side effects: GI upset, QT prolongation, liver toxicity
DI: increased risk of QT prolongation w/ certain heart meds (amiodarone)

53
Q

Meclizine (Antivert)

A

class: antihistamine
indication: motion sickness, vertigo
MOA: antagonizes H1 histamine receptors in vestibular system, reducing vomiting center stimulation
side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision
DI: increased sedation w/ alcohol or CNS depressants

54
Q

Metamucil (Psyllium)

A

indication: fiber supplement for constipation, cholesterol reduction
MOA: bulk-forming
side effects: bloating, gas, GI upset
DI: may delay absorption of other meds

55
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

class: stimulant
indication: ADHD, narcolepsy
side effects: insomnia, appetite suppression, tachycardia
DI: avoid with MAO inhibitors, risk of serotonin syndrome with SSRIs

56
Q

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

A

class: prokinetic
indication: GERD, diabetic gastroparesis
MOA: Enhances gastrointestinal motility by antagonizing dopamine D2 receptors and agonizing 5-HT4 receptors
side effects: drowsiness, tardic dyskinesia, restlessness
DI: increased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms with antipsychotics

57
Q

Miralax (Polyethylene Glycol)

A

indication: constipation relief
MOA: hyperosmotic
side effects: bloating, cramping, diarrhea
DI: none significant

58
Q

Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir)

A

Class: Antiviral
Indication: COVID-19 treatment in high-risk patients.
Nirametrelivir is only for covid
ritonavir is for nirametrelivir
Side effects: Altered taste, diarrhea, hepatoxic
Drug interactions: Significant interaction with medications metabolized by CYP3A.

59
Q

Ondansetron (Zofran)

A

Indication: Nausea and vomiting prevention (postoperative, chemotherapy).
MOA: Selective antagonist of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS’ chemoreceptor trigger zone + gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the initiation of the vomiting reflex.
Side effects: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation.
Drug interactions: Increased QT prolongation risk with other medications affecting heart rhythm (e.g., amiodarone).

60
Q

Ozempic (Semaglutide)

A

class: GLP-1 Agonist
Indication: Type 2 diabetes, weight management (off-label).
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, risk of thyroid tumors.
Drug interactions: Caution with other hypoglycemic agents (risk of hypoglycemia).

61
Q

Pantoprazole (Protonix)

A

class: PPI
Indication: GERD, erosive esophagitis.
Side effects: Headache, diarrhea, risk of bone fractures with long-term use.
Drug interactions: Reduced absorption of drugs requiring acidic environment (e.g., ketoconazole)

62
Q

Pepto-Bismol

A

class: adsorbent / salicylate
Indication: Upset stomach, indigestion, diarrhea
Side effects: Black stool/tongue, constipation.
Drug interactions: May interfere with tetracyclines and decrease their absorption. AGES UNDER 18 DON’T TAKE - REYES

63
Q

Peramivir

A

class: neurominidase inhibitor
Indication: Influenza (antiviral treatment).
Side effects: Diarrhea, skin reactions (rare).
Drug interactions: None significant.

64
Q

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

A

Indication: Vitamin B6 deficiency, nausea during pregnancy, certain types of anemia.
Side effects: Sensory neuropathy (high doses), drowsiness.
Drug interactions: Reduced effectiveness of levodopa.

65
Q

Senna S

A

Indication: Constipation relief
MOA: stimulant laxative - induces peristalsis
Side effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance.
Drug interactions: May increase potassium loss with diuretics.

66
Q

Simvastatin

A

Indication: High cholesterol, prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Side effects: Muscle pain (myopathy), liver toxicity, rhabdomyolysis (rare).
Drug interactions: Increased risk of muscle injury with certain drugs (e.g., amiodarone, grapefruit).

67
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., Farxiga, Jardiance)

A

Indication: Type 2 diabetes, heart failure.
Side effects: UTI, dehydration, genital infections.
Drug interactions: Caution with diuretics (increased dehydration risk).

68
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

use: for depression (DON’T self treat)
efficacy: supports for mild-mod depression, insufficient for MDD
ADRs: nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, skin reactions, impotence, photosensitivity
Avoid: in schizos

69
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Indication: Respiratory infections, acne, STDs.
Side effects: Photosensitivity, GI upset, teeth discoloration in children.
Drug interactions: Reduced absorption with calcium, iron, antacids

70
Q

Trulicity (Dulaglutide)

A

class: GLP-1 Agonist
Indication: Type 2 diabetes.
Side effects: Nausea, diarrhea, risk of thyroid tumors (rare).
Drug interactions: Increased risk of hypoglycemia with insulin or sulfonylureas.

71
Q

Valerian

A

use: insomnia, anxiety
efficacy: inconsistent/inconclusive (1 study showed benefit with dysmenorrohea)
ADRs: headache, excitability, insomnia, uneasiness, ataxia, hypothermia
safety: short term use pls

72
Q

Vancomycin

A

Indication: MRSA, serious gram-positive infections (orally for c.diff)
Side effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome (if infused too quickly).
Drug interactions: Increased nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides)

ORAL FOR C. DIFF – IV FOR MRSA

73
Q

Viloxazine (Qelbree)

A

class: non-stimulant
Indication: ADHD.
Side effects: Drowsiness, GI upset, suicidal thoughts.
Drug interactions: Caution with other medications affecting serotonin (risk of serotonin syndrome)

74
Q

Vitamin D

A

Indication: Vitamin D deficiency, bone health (osteoporosis prevention).
Side effects: Hypercalcemia (high doses), kidney stones.
Drug interactions: Reduced absorption with certain medications (e.g., orlistat, cholestyramine)

75
Q

Vitamin E

A

Indication: Antioxidant, skin health, eye health.
Side effects: Increased bleeding risk (high doses).
Drug interactions: Increased bleeding risk with anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)

76
Q

Whey Protein

A

use: increase muscle mass, weight loss, dietary supplement
efficacy: varying results for muscle mass/weight loss but good dietary protein
ADRs: rare, effects of longterm use unknown

Pharmacology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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