Exam 2: Dementia, Nutrition, Sleep Flashcards
What is the difference between delirium and dementia?
delirium is generally reversible, while dementia is irreversible and progressive
What can be a cause of delirium?
A UTI
What is the most common form of dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease
what are possible causes Alzheimer’s disease?
Genetics
Environmental factors (chemical use-farmers)
free radicals (radiation)
levels of aluminum and mercury in brain (from food/water)
slow-acting virus (covid)
How do you stage Alzheimer’s disease?
Global Deterioration Scale/Functional Assessment Staging (GDS/FAST)
what is the cure and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease?
None
How do you treat symptoms for Alzheimer’s disease?
antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12, and gene therapy
medications that slow acetylcholinesterase
What is vascular dementia
dementia caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to the brain
what does frontotemporal dementia?
Damage to the frontal lobe
What is Lewy body dementia?
Progressive protein deposits in the brain, Robin Williams had this
what is creutzfeldt-jakob disease?
a neurodegenerative disease that is rapid & fatal. 1 year to live after diagnosed and is pretty rare
What is Wernick encephalopathy?
lack of vitamin B1 (alcohol abuse, malnutrition) that has acute and chronic stages and affects usually alcoholics. Bruce Willis had this.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
when nerves selves in ganglia die, affect dopamine production that call causes uncontrolled movement. Treatment include increase of dopamine levels in the brain. Muhammad Ali had this
what is aids?
damaged immune system that causes death within three years, Abraham Lincoln had this 
How do you insure a patient safety with dementia 
Use items to trigger memory such as colors/pictures
What are CAM therapies?
nutritional supplements such as vitamins and herbs
What is dyspareunia?
painful intercourse
what is menopause
the permanent cessation of menses for at-least 1 year
what is perimenopause
several years prior to the onset of menopause
what is postmenopause
time beginning 12 months after the last menstrual cycle
What is a popular menopause and hormone therapy
women’s health initiative: estrogen and progestin increased heart risks. estrogen alone less risk
what happens if women take longer to take estrogen during menopause
longer the wait, greater the chance of heart attack
what is andropause
testosterone levels decline in men
does andropause occur in all men?
no
what are causes of erectile dysfunction
artherosclerosis, DIABETES, hypertension, thyroid dysfunction, alcoholism, renal failure
what is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
replacement of estrogen and/or progestin hormone that is no longer being made by the body
What is dysphagja?
difficulty swallowing
what is transfer dysphasia?
difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus
what is transport dysphagia?
difficultly moving food from mouth down the esophagus
what is delivery dysphagia?
difficulty moving food from the esophagus into the stomach
define anorexia
loss of appetite
True or false: older adults have reduced need for calories
True
What percentage of calories should a dietary fat intake be
30%
What macro nutrient is most important in the nutrition pyramid?
Soluble, fiber
what disease presents itself when there is a deficiency in calcium
Osteoporosis
what factor is utilized to determine caloric intake for older adults using the Harris Benedict equation
Age, height, weight, and gender
What is the minimal required fluid intake for older adults and why?
1500 mL, to decrease chance of UTI
what are older adult diapers called?
Depends
what can dysphasia lead to
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, which starts at age 50
What causes constipation?
slower peristalsis, inactivity, medication, side effects, and decreases fiber and fluids
 Define, insomnia
Inability to fall asleep, difficulty, staying asleep, or premature waking
define nocturnal myoclonus
A condition characterized by at least five legged jerks or movement per hour during sleep
define restless leg syndrome
Neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lies down
Define sleep apnea
disorder in which at least five episodes of cessation of breathing lasting at least 10 seconds occur per hour sleep, accompanied by daytime sleepiness 
define cessation of breathing
Stop breathing
in which people does sleep apnea, often happen in
Obese people that usually have diabetes, or hypertension, or some sort of cardiac disorder
Define sleep latency
Delay in the onset of sleep
define phase advance
Find asleep earlier in the evening in awaking earlier in the morning
What is the pattern of sleep stages in older adults?
Older adults shift in and out of stage one and stage two sleep. They also have a decline in time spent in deeper stages such as three and four sleep.
BUN levels for someone dehydrated
> 24 mg/dl. Usually 35mg/dl
How to dress someone with Alzheimer’s
EXPLAIN what you are doing. Lay out clothes in the order in which they’ll be put on
calcium levels in someone with emphysema
increased
how often do we take a person with dementia to the bathroom
every 2 hours
what is the temperature of the water when bathing someone who is immobile
43.3c 110f
when
nenene
