Exam 2 Definitions, Terms:

Question 1

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 1

because of geographic isolation species are not able to interbreed to create new species

Question 2

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 2

evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage

Question 3

What is graduated equilibrium?

Answer 3

slow gradual change

Question 4

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Answer 4

long periods of statis followed by rapid speciation

Question 5

What is hydrophobic?

Answer 5

pass through the membrane

Question 6

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 6

bind to cell receptors at cell surface

Question 7

What is diffusion?

Answer 7

particles move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Question 8

What is osmosis?

Answer 8

Diffusion of water

Question 9

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 9

substances enter protein carrier in membrane, change shape

Question 10

What is active transport?

Answer 10

moves substances against concentration gradient

Question 11

What is hypertonic solution?

Answer 11

Water flowing out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

Question 12

What is hypotonic solution?

Answer 12

water flowing inside of the cell causing the cell to burst

Question 13

What is endocytosis?

Answer 13

brings material from the outside of the cell to the inside wrapped in membrane vesicles

Question 14

What is exocytosis?

Answer 14

cells that are released, discharged, removed from our body.

Question 15

What is the nucleus in respect to HIV?

Answer 15

once HIV inside of the nucleus it inserts itself into cells DNA and starts making proteins to make copies of itself

Question 16

What is the cytoplasm in respect to HIV?

Answer 16

once HIV is inside it uses enzyme to change from RNA to DNA

Question 17

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

smooth; lipids, carbohydrates rough; site of protein synthesis where HIV makes necessary proteins

Question 18

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 18

sorting and shipping station hiv uses this to form new virions

Question 19

What is mitochondria?

Answer 19

the power plants of the cell

Question 20

What is S phase?

Answer 20

DNA replication occurs, chromosome duplication

Question 21

What is interphase?

Answer 21

includes the three intervals where cells are capable of dividing.

Question 22

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 22

is the process of dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells.

Question 23

What is a spindle fiber?

Answer 23

attached to centromeres and help drag chromosomes to opposite sides of cell during anaphase

Question 24

What is crossing over?

Answer 24

when sister chromatids exchange chunks of chromosome during meiosis

Question 25

What are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 25

genes that produce proteins involved in cell division

Question 26

What are tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 26

prevents cells from dividing

Question 27

What are malignant tumors?

Answer 27

cancerous cells that spread to other parts of the body

Question 28

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 28

White blood cells that destroy infected cells

Question 29

What are macrophages?

Answer 29

White blood cells that engulf invaded microbes, alert other immune cells

Question 30

What are neutrophils?

Answer 30

phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 31

What is a phenotype?

Answer 31

a description of physical appearance

Question 32

What is a genotype?

Answer 32

the genetic basis for appearance

Question 33

what is a allele?

Answer 33

different forms of a gene

Question 34

What is the punnett square ?

Answer 34

determines offspring genotypes by matching up parental genotypes

Question 35

What is polygenic?

Answer 35

traits influenced by multiple genes

Question 36

What is duplication?

Answer 36

part of a chromosome is repeated and passed on to the offspring

Question 37

What is inversion?

Answer 37

a linear stretch of the DNA is inverted in the chromosome

Question 38

What is deletion?

Answer 38

loss of a segment of a chromosome

Question 39

What is non disjunction?

Answer 39

problem during meiosis when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly

Question 40

What is antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 40

the role is to destroy harboring pathogens, and other substances that are sensed as foreign by the body

Question 41

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 41

acts against pathogens uses bcells, tcells

Question 42

What is innate immunity?

Answer 42

immediately set in motion when external barriers fail to stop a pathogen