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General Biology > Exam 2 Definitions, Terms: > Flashcards

Exam 2 Definitions, Terms: Flashcards

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1
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

because of geographic isolation species are not able to interbreed to create new species

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2
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage

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3
Q

What is graduated equilibrium?

A

slow gradual change

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4
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

long periods of statis followed by rapid speciation

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5
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

pass through the membrane

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6
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

bind to cell receptors at cell surface

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

particles move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

substances enter protein carrier in membrane, change shape

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

moves substances against concentration gradient

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11
Q

What is hypertonic solution?

A

Water flowing out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

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12
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

water flowing inside of the cell causing the cell to burst

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13
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

brings material from the outside of the cell to the inside wrapped in membrane vesicles

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14
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

cells that are released, discharged, removed from our body.

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15
Q

What is the nucleus in respect to HIV?

A

once HIV inside of the nucleus it inserts itself into cells DNA and starts making proteins to make copies of itself

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm in respect to HIV?

A

once HIV is inside it uses enzyme to change from RNA to DNA

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17
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth; lipids, carbohydrates rough; site of protein synthesis where HIV makes necessary proteins

18
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

sorting and shipping station hiv uses this to form new virions

19
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

the power plants of the cell

20
Q

What is S phase?

A

DNA replication occurs, chromosome duplication

21
Q

What is interphase?

A

includes the three intervals where cells are capable of dividing.

22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

is the process of dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells.

23
Q

What is a spindle fiber?

A

attached to centromeres and help drag chromosomes to opposite sides of cell during anaphase

24
Q

What is crossing over?

A

when sister chromatids exchange chunks of chromosome during meiosis

25
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

genes that produce proteins involved in cell division

26
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

prevents cells from dividing

27
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A

cancerous cells that spread to other parts of the body

28
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

White blood cells that destroy infected cells

29
Q

What are macrophages?

A

White blood cells that engulf invaded microbes, alert other immune cells

30
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

phagocytic white blood cells.

31
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

a description of physical appearance

32
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic basis for appearance

33
Q

what is a allele?

A

different forms of a gene

34
Q

What is the punnett square ?

A

determines offspring genotypes by matching up parental genotypes

35
Q

What is polygenic?

A

traits influenced by multiple genes

36
Q

What is duplication?

A

part of a chromosome is repeated and passed on to the offspring

37
Q

What is inversion?

A

a linear stretch of the DNA is inverted in the chromosome

38
Q

What is deletion?

A

loss of a segment of a chromosome

39
Q

What is non disjunction?

A

problem during meiosis when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly

40
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

the role is to destroy harboring pathogens, and other substances that are sensed as foreign by the body

41
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

acts against pathogens uses bcells, tcells

42
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

immediately set in motion when external barriers fail to stop a pathogen

General Biology (6 decks)

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