Exam 2 Definitions, Terms: Flashcards
What is allopatric speciation?
because of geographic isolation species are not able to interbreed to create new species
What is adaptive radiation?
evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage
What is graduated equilibrium?
slow gradual change
What is punctuated equilibrium?
long periods of statis followed by rapid speciation
What is hydrophobic?
pass through the membrane
What is hydrophilic?
bind to cell receptors at cell surface
What is diffusion?
particles move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water
What is facilitated diffusion?
substances enter protein carrier in membrane, change shape
What is active transport?
moves substances against concentration gradient
What is hypertonic solution?
Water flowing out of the cell causing the cell to shrink
What is hypotonic solution?
water flowing inside of the cell causing the cell to burst
What is endocytosis?
brings material from the outside of the cell to the inside wrapped in membrane vesicles
What is exocytosis?
cells that are released, discharged, removed from our body.
What is the nucleus in respect to HIV?
once HIV inside of the nucleus it inserts itself into cells DNA and starts making proteins to make copies of itself
What is the cytoplasm in respect to HIV?
once HIV is inside it uses enzyme to change from RNA to DNA
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
smooth; lipids, carbohydrates rough; site of protein synthesis where HIV makes necessary proteins
What is the Golgi apparatus?
sorting and shipping station hiv uses this to form new virions
What is mitochondria?
the power plants of the cell
What is S phase?
DNA replication occurs, chromosome duplication
What is interphase?
includes the three intervals where cells are capable of dividing.
What is cytokinesis?
is the process of dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells.
What is a spindle fiber?
attached to centromeres and help drag chromosomes to opposite sides of cell during anaphase
What is crossing over?
when sister chromatids exchange chunks of chromosome during meiosis
What are proto-oncogenes?
genes that produce proteins involved in cell division
What are tumor suppressor genes?
prevents cells from dividing
What are malignant tumors?
cancerous cells that spread to other parts of the body
What are natural killer cells?
White blood cells that destroy infected cells
What are macrophages?
White blood cells that engulf invaded microbes, alert other immune cells
What are neutrophils?
phagocytic white blood cells.
What is a phenotype?
a description of physical appearance
What is a genotype?
the genetic basis for appearance
what is a allele?
different forms of a gene
What is the punnett square ?
determines offspring genotypes by matching up parental genotypes
What is polygenic?
traits influenced by multiple genes
What is duplication?
part of a chromosome is repeated and passed on to the offspring
What is inversion?
a linear stretch of the DNA is inverted in the chromosome
What is deletion?
loss of a segment of a chromosome
What is non disjunction?
problem during meiosis when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly
What is antibody mediated immunity?
the role is to destroy harboring pathogens, and other substances that are sensed as foreign by the body
What is adaptive immunity?
acts against pathogens uses bcells, tcells
What is innate immunity?
immediately set in motion when external barriers fail to stop a pathogen
