Exam 2 Contents Flashcards
What is motivation
A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence
Meaning of Money
people can attain:
-achievement
-respect
-freedom
What is Expectancy Theory?
Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things
-effort will result in performance
-performance will result in outcomes
-outcomes will be valuable
What is Instrumentality?
the belief that successful performance will result in certain outcomes
Expectancy Theory (definition)
The belief that a high level of effort will lead to the successful performance of a task
What is Valence
the anticipated value of outcomes
-ranges from -1 to 1
What does Maslow’s theory state?
Physiological, Safety & Security, Belongingness, esteem, & self-actualization are the basic needs of human ranking in that order from bottom to top
What does Alderfer’s ERG theory say?
existence, relatedness, and growth are our basic need which relate to Maslow’s theory
- existence = physiological + safety & security
-relatedness = belongingness
-growth = esteem & self-actualization
What does McClelland’s Theory of Needs say?
Achievement, power, & affiliation
-acquired these needs through early life experiences, you are not born with them
-a person is motivated by one of these three things
What is Goal Setting Theory?
Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals rather than no goals, easy goals, or “do your best” goals
What are SMART goals?
-Specific
-Measurable
-Achievable
-Results-Based
-Time-Sensitive
What is equity theeory
Motivation is maximized when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” to “inputs” matches those of some “comparison other.”
What are the types of Comparison others?
-Job Equity
-Company Equity
-Occupational Equity
-Educational Equity
-Age Equity
What is psychological empowerment?
an intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one’s work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose
How is psychological empowerment fostered?
-Meaningfulness
-Self-determination
-Competence
-Impact
Trust?
the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee’s actions and intentions
trust= willing to be vulnerable
risk= actually becoming vulnerable
Why is trust important?
-it is a firm’s reputation and one of its most prized possessions
-reputation reflects the prominence of a brand in the minds of the public and its perceived quality
-it can be easily damage
What is Disposition-Based Trust
trust propensity
- a person is more willing to trust others than to be suspicious of them
What is Affect-Based trust
-trust rooted in emotion rather than reason
-Based on an emotional bond with the trustee
What is Cognition-Based trust
Trustworthiness - the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
-ability
-benevolence
-integrity
What is justice?
-based on perceptions of fairness
*Justice-relevant acts can serve as behavioral evidence of trustworthiness
What are the interpersonal justice rules?
respect and propriety
what are the informational justice rules?
Justification & truthfulness
What are the Distributive justice rules?
equity versus equality versus need
What are the procedural justice rules?
-voice
-correctability
-consistency
-bias suppression
-representativeness
-Accuracy
What is Ethics?
The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
What is Moral Judgement
The process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical
What are the stages of cognitive moral development?
-Pre-conventional Stage: focuses on consequences of actions for the individual
-Conventional Stage: references the expectations of one’s family and society
-principled stage: most advanced, uses a set of established moral principles
What is Moral Intent & Behavior?
Moral Intent: reflects degree of commitment to the moral course of action
ethical behavior: what does the person actually do?
How Important is Trust
-significant predictor of an employee’s ability to focus
-influences citizenship behavior & counterproductive behavior
What are economic exchange relationships?
-lack trust and are narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations
What are social exchange relationships?
have increased trust, and are characterized by mutual investment, going above and beyond expectations
What is a trust dividend?
“When trust goes up, speed goes up, and costs go down” // Boost in performance because there is trust & boost in citizenship behavior
What is a distrust tax?
“When trust goes down, speed goes down, and costs go up” // Decrease in performance because there is a lack of trust
Figure 7-8 Effects of Trust on Performance and Commitment
Trust has a moderately positive effect on Performance
Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment
Stages of cognitive moral development.
preconventional, conventional, principled
Preconventional stage
focuses on consequences of actions for the individual.
Conventional stage
references the expectations of one’s family and society.
Principled stage
the most advanced, uses a set of defined, established moral principles.
Moral intent:
reflects degree of commitment to the moral course of action.
Ethical Behavior:
what does the person actually do?
How Important Is Trust?
Trust is a significant predictor of an employee’s ability to focus.
Trust also influences citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior
Economic exchange
relationships lack trust, and are narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations.
Social exchange
relationships have increased trust, and are characterized by mutual investment, going above and beyond expectations.
Importance of trust
Trust dividend vs. Distrust Tax
Figure 7-8 Effects of Trust on Performance and Commitment
Trust has a moderately positive effect on Performance
Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment
Moral Judgment
The process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical.
Ethics
- Unethical behavior.
- “Especially ethical” behavior
- “Merely ethical” behavior.
Ethics Definition
The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.
Justice
Based on perceptions of fairness.
Justice-relevant acts can serve as behavioral evidence of trustworthiness
Risk =
actually becoming vulnerable.
Organizational Mechanisms
Organizational Structure
Organizational Culture
Why does money have such high value?
Achievement
Respect
Freedom
Expectancy Theory: Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things:
1) That effort will result in performance.
2) That performance will result in outcomes.
3) That those outcomes will be valuable
Expectancy Theory
Effort -> Performance -> Reward
the belief that a high level of effort will lead to the successful performance of a task.
