exam 2 class study guide Flashcards
what are the 2 communication systems of the endocrine system? (Ne,Ec)
nervous system=electrical communication
endocrine system=chemical communication
functions of hormones? (C,S,A)
– Chemicals that control & regulate cell/organ activity
– Secreted into blood
– Act on target cells (has specific hormone receptors)
how does the endocrine maintain homeostasis during exercise? (C,Rf,Eb)
– Controls substrate metabolism
– Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
steroid vs nonsteroid hormones and characteristics?
STEROID HORMONES enter into the cell
-derived from cholesterol
-lipid soluble;diffuses through membranes
testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex secrete steroid
NONSTEROID HORMONES do not enter cell
-not lipid soluble; cant cross membrane
- divided into proetin/peptide hormones
-most nonsteroid from pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Amino acid-derived hormones
* Thyroid (T3, T4)
* Adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine
how does the hormone receptors limit effects to specific targets?
- no receptor -> no hormone effect
- hormone only affects tissues with specific receptors
what is the hormone bound to receptor called?
(Hrc)
hormone receptor complex
where is the receptors located for the steroid hormones? (C,Ntc)
-cytoplasm
-nucleus of target cell
where is the receptors located for nonsteriod hormones? (Mtc)
membrane of target cell
what happens when the steroid hormone receptor complex enters nucleus? (B,M,M)
– Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
– In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
– mRNA enters cytoplasm, promotes protein synthesis
when the steroid hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus and promotes protein synthesis, what will the proteins be ? (E,Sp,Raef)
-enzymes
-structural proteins
-regualtory; alters enzyme function
when rest turns to exercise what is needed?
-ATP
-metabolic rate to meet need
NS and endrocine systems work together to control? (Pprtpe)
Physiological processes required to perform exercise
what are the major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation?
(Apg,Tg,Ag,P)
- anterior pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-pancreas
what is the important metabloc hormone that the anterior pituitary gland secretes? (Gh)
growth hormone
what are the effects of Growth hormones ?
(Pah,Bto,Pmg,Sft)
– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism
what happens when growth hormone is releaszed during aerobic and resistance exercise ? (Ptei,Reae)
– proportional to exercise intensity
– remain elevated after exercise
what does the thyroid gland secrete?
-triiodothryronine (T3)
-thyroxine (t4)
what does t3 and t4 increase?
(M,P,#,G,R,F)
– Metabolic rate of all tissues
– Protein synthesis
– # And size of mitochondria
– Glucose uptake by cells
– Rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization
where is the adrenal glands located and what are the 2 parts ? Ac,Am
- above each kidney
-adrenal cortex
-adrenal medulla
when the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system catecholamines are released, what is it and what is the percentage ?
– Causes “fight-or-flight” response
– Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20%
catecholamine release increases? (Hrcfbp,G,L,Bftsm)
– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle
what is the function of cortisol? (Gff,Fm,Dg,Pc)
– ^ Gluconeogenesis for fuel
– ^ FFA mobilization
– Decrease glucose use to spares glucose for brain
– Protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production,
gluconeogenesis
where is the pancreas located and what are the 2 major hormones that it releases and what does it control? (I,G) (Pg)
located behind and slightly below stomach
- insulin
-glucagon
-controls plasma glucose
during hyperglycemia the pancreas releases insulin, what is the main function ? (Ch,Gtic,G,Ig)
– counters hyperglycemia
– ^ glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– ^ glycogenesis
– inhibits gluconeogenesis
during hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases glucagon what is the main function? (Ch,G,G)
-counters hypoglycemia
-^ glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
- ^gluconeogenesis
during exercise, insulin ?
better able to bind receptors on muscle cells
– i.e., cells are more sensitive to insulin
– less need for insulin in blood during exercise
during exercise, glucagon? (Itmpg)
increases to maintain plasma glucose
during exercise, glucose? (G,G)
- ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose)
- ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein -> glucose)
during exercise, adequate plasma glucose during exercise requires balance between? (Grbl,Gubm)
– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles
what are the hormones that increase circulating glucose ? (G,E,N,C)
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine ^glycogenolysis
- Norepinephrine
- Cortisol > protein catabolism> ^gluconeogeneisis
during exercise glucose uptake by muscle, insulin? (Eguim)
enables glucose uptake in muscle
during exercise insulin concentrations decrease due to ? (Isde,Mguicwli)
-increase insulin sensitivity during exercise
-more glucose uptake into cells with less insulin
what is the abnormality? (Dm)
diabetes mellitus
what happens to the fluid and electrolytes during exercise ?
– Water shifts from plasma volume to
interstitial and intracellular spaces
– Sweating increases during exercise
plasma volume decreases during exercise, prolonged running can decrease PV by what percentage?
5-10%
plasma volume decrease can ? (Bp,Hs)
-decrease blood pressure
-increase heart strain
glands involved in monitoring fluid levels electrolyte balance include? (Ppg,Ac,K)
- Posterior pituitary gland (ADH & oxytocin)
-Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone) - Kidneys (Erythropoietin (EPO) > RBC production)
posterior pituitary gland secretes ? (Ah)
antidiuretic hormone
(also called ADH or vasopressin)
ADH increases water reabsorption by kidneys, what happens ?
less water excreted in the urine (antidiuresis)
what does ADH do?
minimize water loss and severe dehydration
what does the adrenal cortex secrete ?
aldosterone
what are the effects of aldosterone ?
-increase sodium retention by kidneys
-increase water retention via osmosis
what do the kidneys release ? (EPO)
erythropoietin
what does EPO target, and for what?
bone marrow to stimuate RBC production
the kidneys are a target tissue for what hormones and what can they stimulate ? (ADH,At) (Raam)
-ADH and aldosterone
-renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
What is the mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system? (K,T,R,I,A,A)
-Kidneys sense decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure.
-They release the enzyme renin into circulation.
-Renin converts angiotensinogen molecules into angiotensin I.
-In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
-Angiotensin II reaches the adrenal cortex, stimulating the release of aldosterone.
-Aldosterone promotes sodium retention by the kidneys, increasing water retention via osmosis.
what is ghrelin?
increase hunger
what is leptin?
decrease hunger
during acute exercise, moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise ? (G)
decreases ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger
what affects does chronic exercise have on ghrelin ?
- Does not change ghrelin response in people who do
not lose weight during exercise training - Ghrelin increases in those who do lose weight
