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Kin 3800 > exam 2 class study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 class study guide Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 communication systems of the endocrine system? (Ne,Ec)

A

nervous system=electrical communication
endocrine system=chemical communication

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2
Q

functions of hormones? (C,S,A)

A

– Chemicals that control & regulate cell/organ activity
– Secreted into blood
– Act on target cells (has specific hormone receptors)

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3
Q

how does the endocrine maintain homeostasis during exercise? (C,Rf,Eb)

A

– Controls substrate metabolism
– Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance

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4
Q

steroid vs nonsteroid hormones and characteristics?

A

STEROID HORMONES enter into the cell
-derived from cholesterol
-lipid soluble;diffuses through membranes
testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex secrete steroid
NONSTEROID HORMONES do not enter cell
-not lipid soluble; cant cross membrane
- divided into proetin/peptide hormones
-most nonsteroid from pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Amino acid-derived hormones
* Thyroid (T3, T4)
* Adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine

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5
Q

how does the hormone receptors limit effects to specific targets?

A
  • no receptor -> no hormone effect
  • hormone only affects tissues with specific receptors
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6
Q

what is the hormone bound to receptor called?
(Hrc)

A

hormone receptor complex

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7
Q

where is the receptors located for the steroid hormones? (C,Ntc)

A

-cytoplasm
-nucleus of target cell

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8
Q

where is the receptors located for nonsteriod hormones? (Mtc)

A

membrane of target cell

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9
Q

what happens when the steroid hormone receptor complex enters nucleus? (B,M,M)

A

– Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
– In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
– mRNA enters cytoplasm, promotes protein synthesis

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10
Q

when the steroid hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus and promotes protein synthesis, what will the proteins be ? (E,Sp,Raef)

A

-enzymes
-structural proteins
-regualtory; alters enzyme function

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11
Q

when rest turns to exercise what is needed?

A

-ATP
-metabolic rate to meet need

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12
Q

NS and endrocine systems work together to control? (Pprtpe)

A

Physiological processes required to perform exercise

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13
Q

what are the major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation?
(Apg,Tg,Ag,P)

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
    -thyroid gland
    -adrenal gland
    -pancreas
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14
Q

what is the important metabloc hormone that the anterior pituitary gland secretes? (Gh)

A

growth hormone

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15
Q

what are the effects of Growth hormones ?
(Pah,Bto,Pmg,Sft)

A

– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism

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16
Q

what happens when growth hormone is releaszed during aerobic and resistance exercise ? (Ptei,Reae)

A

– proportional to exercise intensity
– remain elevated after exercise

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17
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

-triiodothryronine (T3)
-thyroxine (t4)

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18
Q

what does t3 and t4 increase?
(M,P,#,G,R,F)

A

– Metabolic rate of all tissues
– Protein synthesis
– # And size of mitochondria
– Glucose uptake by cells
– Rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization

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19
Q

where is the adrenal glands located and what are the 2 parts ? Ac,Am

A
  • above each kidney
    -adrenal cortex
    -adrenal medulla
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20
Q

when the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system catecholamines are released, what is it and what is the percentage ?

A

– Causes “fight-or-flight” response
– Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20%

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21
Q

catecholamine release increases? (Hrcfbp,G,L,Bftsm)

A

– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle

22
Q

what is the function of cortisol? (Gff,Fm,Dg,Pc)

A

– ^ Gluconeogenesis for fuel
– ^ FFA mobilization
– Decrease glucose use to spares glucose for brain
– Protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production,
gluconeogenesis

23
Q

where is the pancreas located and what are the 2 major hormones that it releases and what does it control? (I,G) (Pg)

A

located behind and slightly below stomach
- insulin
-glucagon
-controls plasma glucose

24
Q

during hyperglycemia the pancreas releases insulin, what is the main function ? (Ch,Gtic,G,Ig)

A

– counters hyperglycemia
– ^ glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– ^ glycogenesis
– inhibits gluconeogenesis

25
Q

during hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases glucagon what is the main function? (Ch,G,G)

A

-counters hypoglycemia
-^ glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
- ^gluconeogenesis

26
Q

during exercise, insulin ?

A

better able to bind receptors on muscle cells
– i.e., cells are more sensitive to insulin
– less need for insulin in blood during exercise

27
Q

during exercise, glucagon? (Itmpg)

A

increases to maintain plasma glucose

28
Q

during exercise, glucose? (G,G)

A
  • ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose)
  • ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein -> glucose)
29
Q

during exercise, adequate plasma glucose during exercise requires balance between? (Grbl,Gubm)

A

– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles

30
Q

what are the hormones that increase circulating glucose ? (G,E,N,C)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine ^glycogenolysis
  • Norepinephrine
  • Cortisol > protein catabolism> ^gluconeogeneisis
31
Q

during exercise glucose uptake by muscle, insulin? (Eguim)

A

enables glucose uptake in muscle

31
Q

during exercise insulin concentrations decrease due to ? (Isde,Mguicwli)

A

-increase insulin sensitivity during exercise
-more glucose uptake into cells with less insulin

32
Q

what is the abnormality? (Dm)

A

diabetes mellitus

33
Q

what happens to the fluid and electrolytes during exercise ?

A

– Water shifts from plasma volume to
interstitial and intracellular spaces
– Sweating increases during exercise

34
Q

plasma volume decreases during exercise, prolonged running can decrease PV by what percentage?

A

5-10%

35
Q

plasma volume decrease can ? (Bp,Hs)

A

-decrease blood pressure
-increase heart strain

36
Q

glands involved in monitoring fluid levels electrolyte balance include? (Ppg,Ac,K)

A
  • Posterior pituitary gland (ADH & oxytocin)
    -Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
  • Kidneys (Erythropoietin (EPO) > RBC production)
37
Q

posterior pituitary gland secretes ? (Ah)

A

antidiuretic hormone
(also called ADH or vasopressin)

38
Q

ADH increases water reabsorption by kidneys, what happens ?

A

less water excreted in the urine (antidiuresis)

39
Q

what does ADH do?

A

minimize water loss and severe dehydration

40
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete ?

A

aldosterone

41
Q

what are the effects of aldosterone ?

A

-increase sodium retention by kidneys
-increase water retention via osmosis

42
Q

what do the kidneys release ? (EPO)

A

erythropoietin

43
Q

what does EPO target, and for what?

A

bone marrow to stimuate RBC production

44
Q

the kidneys are a target tissue for what hormones and what can they stimulate ? (ADH,At) (Raam)

A

-ADH and aldosterone
-renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

45
Q

What is the mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system? (K,T,R,I,A,A)

A

-Kidneys sense decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure.
-They release the enzyme renin into circulation.
-Renin converts angiotensinogen molecules into angiotensin I.
-In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
-Angiotensin II reaches the adrenal cortex, stimulating the release of aldosterone.
-Aldosterone promotes sodium retention by the kidneys, increasing water retention via osmosis.

46
Q

what is ghrelin?

A

increase hunger

47
Q

what is leptin?

A

decrease hunger

48
Q

during acute exercise, moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise ? (G)

A

decreases ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger

49
Q

what affects does chronic exercise have on ghrelin ?

A
  • Does not change ghrelin response in people who do
    not lose weight during exercise training
  • Ghrelin increases in those who do lose weight
50
Q
A

Kin 3800 (5 decks)

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