Exam #2: Chp. 5-8 Flashcards
Dermatology
Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the integumentary system, which comprises the skin and accessory organs
Dermatologists treat….
-tumors
-damage
-infections
-and inflammations of the skin
Plastic surgeons
Perform both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures involving the skin
The integumentaty system includes:
-the skin
-hair
-nails
What is the largest organ in the body?
The skin (integument)
What does the skin do?
-protection
-temperature regulation
-sensation
-waste disposal
Functions: protection
-the skin is a two way barrier keeping pathogens out and vital substances in
Temp. Regulation
-evaporation of sweat and blood vessel dilation cools the body
-blood vessel constriction keeps the body warm
-fatty subcutaneous layer serves as insulation
Sensation
-contains sensory receptors that send info. About touch, pressure, temperature, and pain to the brain
Waste disposal
Small amounts (ex. Excess salt) are excreted in sweat
Aden/o
Gland
Adip/o, lip/o
Fat
Skin
Cutane/o
Derm/o
Dermat/o
Hidr/o
Sweat
Kerat/o
Keratin, hard, hornlike
Melan/o
Melanin, black
Nail
Onych/o
Ungu/o
Py/o
Pus
Seb/o
Sebum, oil
Trich/o
Hair
Bi/o
Life
Carcin/o
Cancer
Chem/o
Chemical
Cry/o
Cold
Erythr/o
Red
Ichthy/o
Scaly
Leuk/o
White
Myc/o
Fungus
Necr/o
Death
Pedicul/o
Lice
Scler/o
Hardening
Vesic/o
Bladder, sac
Xanth/o
Yellow
Xer/o
Dry
Adenitis
Inflammation of gland
Adenoma
Tumor in gland
Adenomegaly
Enlarged gland
Adipocyte
Fat cell
Adipose
Pertaining to fat
Adipoma
Tumor made of fat
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below skin
Percutaneous
Pertaining to through the skin
Xeroderma
Dry Skin condition
Erythroderma
Red skin condition
Leukoderma
White skin condition
Epidermal
Pertaining to over the skin
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
Transdermal
Pertaining to across the skin
Dermatoscerosis
Hardening skin condition
Hidradentitis
Sweat gland inflammation
Hyperhydrosis
Abnormal condition of excessive sweating
Keratoderma
Hornlike skin condition
Keratosis
Hornlike abnormal condition
Keratogenic
Producing keratin
Lipoid
Resembling fat
Lipectomy
Surgical removal of fat
Melanocyte
Black cell
Melanoma
Black tumor
Melanotic
Pertaining to being black
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail
Onychomalacia
Abnormal softening of nail
Hyperonychia
Condition of excessive nail (growth)
Pyogenic
Producing pus
Pyorrhea
Discharge of pus
Seborrhea
Discharge of oil
Trichophagia
Hair eating (chewing/biting)
Ungual
Pertaining to nail
Subungual
Pertaining to under nail
Abrasion
Skin injury that scrapes away surface of skin
Abscess
Collection of pus in skin
Alopecia
Loss of hair, especially on head
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Skin cancer in basal layer of epidermis, very common cancer that rarely metastisizes
Biopsy (BX)
Surgical procedure to remove piece of tissue by needle, knife, punch, or brush to examine under microscope
Boil
Bacterial infection of hair follicle
1st degree burn
Mild burn damaging only epidermis, results in erythema but no blisters, generally no scarring
2nd degree burn
Burn damage extending through epidermis and into dermis, causes blisters, scarring may occur
3rd degree burn
Burn damage to full thickness of skin and into underlying tissue, infection and fluid loss are major concerns, usually requires skin grafts, scarring will occur
Cauterization
Intentional destruction of tissue by caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezer
Cellulitis
Inflammation of connective tissue cells of skin
Chemabrasion
Removal of superficial layers of skin using chemicals (chemical peel)
Contusion
Blunt trauma to skin resulting in brusing but no break in skin
Cryosurgery
Extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Lab test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from infected area in order to identify the specific type of bacteria and its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics
Cyst
Fluid filled sac under skin
Debridement
Removal of foreign material and dead damaged tissue from wound
Decubitis ulcer (decub)
Open sore caused by pressure over bony prominence obstructing blood flow, cna appear jn bedridden patients who lie in one position too long, can be difficult to heal, commonly called bedsore or pressure sore
Dermabraision
Scraping skin with rotating wire brushes or sandpaper, used to remove acne scars
Dermatome
Instrument that cuts out small sections or thin slices of skin to be used for graft
Ecchymosis
Black and blue skin bruise caused by blood collecting under skin after trauma
Erythema
Redness of skin
Fissure
Crackling break in skin
Gangrene
Tissue necrosis caused by loss of blood supply
Herpes simplex
Infection of (HSV) causing painful blisters around lips and nose, commonly caused fever blisters
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection of nerve root, causes appearance of painful blisters along nerve path
Impetigo
Inflammatory skin disease with pustules that rupture and become crusted
Laceration
Jagged edge skin wound caused by tear of skin, doesn’t mean a skin cut
Laser surgery
Removal of skin lesions and birthmarks using laser beam
Lesion
Indicates presence of some type of tissue abnormality, wound, or injury
Macule (freckle, birthmark)
Flat, discolored spot on skin surfaces
Malignant melanoma (MM)
Aggressive form of skin cancer that originates jn a melanocyte, prone to metastasis
Necrosis
Area of tissue death
Nevus
Pigmented congenital skin blemish, birthmark, or mole
Nodule
Solid raised clump of cells
Onychia
Inflamed nail bed
Papule
Small solid raised lesion on surface of skin
Petechiae
Flat pinpoint purplish spots from bleeding under the skin
Pruritis
Severe itching
Psoriasis
Xhronic inflammatory oxidation consisting of crusty papules forming patches with circular borders
Purpura
Purplish red brushes usually lecturing in people with fragile skin
Pustule
Raised spot on the skin containing pus
Skin graft
Transfer of skinfrom normal area ot cover another site, used to treat burn victims and after some surgical procedures
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Skin cancer that begins in epidermis but may grow into deeper tissue, doesn’t generally metasitize to other areas
Tinea
Fungal skin disease resulting in itching, scaling lesions
Ulcer
Open sore or lesion in skin kr mucous membranes
Urticaria (hives)
Skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with severe itching, usually associated with food allergy, stress, or drug reactions
Varicella (chickenpox)
Highly contagious viral infection with skin rash
Vesicle
Small fluid filled raised spot on skin
Wheal
Smal round raised area on skin that may be accompanied by itching, usually seen in allergic reactions
I&D
Incision and drainage
ID
Intradermal
SG
Skin graft
STSG
Split thickness skin graft
Ung
Ointment
Subc, subq
Subcutaneous
CHAPTER 6
Orthopedics
Medical specialty of the musculoskeletal system
Orthopedists
Use medical, surgical, and physical means to improve function of bones. Joints, and muscles
Orthopedists treat…
…birth defects, trauma, infection, tumor, inflammatory conditions, and muscular problems
The musculoskeletal system consists of…
…bones muscles and joints
Bones are joined by….
…ligaments to form the skeleton
What is the framework of the body?
The skeleton
Joints
-Where two bones meet
-joints provide flexibility for movement
-muscles are attached tk bones by tendons and contract to move bones at joints
Arthr/o
Joint
Burs/o
Bursa
Carp/o
Carpus
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Clavicul/o
Clavicle (collar bone)
Coccyg/o
Coccyx (tail bone)
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Femor/o
Femur (thigh bone)
Fibul/o
Fibula
Humer/o
Humerus
Ili/o
Illium
Ischi/o
Ischium
Kyph/o
Hump
Lord/o
Bent backwards
Mandibul/o
Mandible
Maxill/o
Maxilla
Metacarp/o
Metacarpus
Metatars/o
Metatarsus
Muscul/o, my/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Bone marrow
Oste/o
Bone
Patell/o
Patella
Phalang/o
Phalanges
Pub/o
Pubis
Radi/o
Radius
Sacr/o
Sacrum
Scapul/o
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Scoli/o
Crooked, bent
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
Stern/o
Sternum
Tars/o
Tarsus
Ten/o, tendin/o
Tendon
Tibi/o
Tibia
Uln/o
Ulna
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
Electr/o
Ectricity
Fibr/o
Fibrous
Orth/o
Straight
Path/o
Disease
Fibrous joint
-United by fibrous tissue
-allow almost no movement
-ex. Suture of the skull
Cartilaginous joint
-connected by Cartilage
-allow only small amount of shifting
-ex. Pubis symphysis
Synovial joints
-encased in joint capsule
-allow range of motion
-ex. Knee or shoulder
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
Short bones
Roughly cube shaped
Flat bones
Plate shaped
Irregular bones
Unusual or complex shapes
What is bone?
-hard calcified connective tissue
-supports body, helps it move, and protects organs
Compact or cortical bone tissue
-dense hard exterior surface of bones
Spongy or cancellous bone tissue
Found inside bones and has many small spaces containing red bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Found in spongy bone and produces blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Located in shaft of the bone and is made of adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle
Moves bones and is voluntary
Smooth muscle
Produces movement in organs and is involuntary
Cardiac muscle
produces movement in the heart and is involuntary
Iliac
Pertaining to Ilium
Subiliac
Pertaining to under the ilium
Intercostal
Pertaining to between ribs
Carpal
Pertaining to wrist
Jntervertebral
Pertaining to between vertebra
Fibular
Pertaining to fibula
Arthroscopy
Process of visually examining a joint
Arthrodesis
Surgical fusing of a joint
Arthrogram
Record of joint
Supramaxillary
Pertaining to above maxilla
Bursitis
Bursa inflammation
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of Cartilage
Chondroma
Cartilage tumor
Spondylosis
Abnormal condition of a vertebra
Tenorrhaphy
To suture a tendon
Tendinosis
Abnormal condition of a tendon
Bone graft
Surgical procedure using pieces of bone to replace lost bone or fuse two bones together
Bone scan
Nuclear medicine scan using Radioactive dye to visualize bone. Useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer
Bunion
Inflammation and enlargement of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of big toe)
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves as they pass through the carpal tunnel of wrist
Closed fracture (simple fracture)
Broken bone with no open skin wound
Comminuted fracture
Bone break where the bones shatter in small pieces
Compound fracture (open fracture)
Broken bone with open skin wound
Compression fracture
Bone break causing loss of height of a vertebral body, may result from trauma but in older person may because by weakened bone (osteoporosis)
Contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle
Creatine kinase (CK)
Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, elevated blood levels are associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and othe skeletal muscle pathologies
Deep tendon reflex (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with a reflex hammer, test to determine if muscles respond properly
Dislocation
Bones in joint are displaced form normal alignment and ends of the bones are no longer in contact with each other
Dual energy absorptiometry (DXA)
Test using low dose xray beams to measure bone density, used to diagnose osteoporosis
Fibromyalgia
Chronic condition with widespread arching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals, external fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin, internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires put in place during surgery called open reduction
Fracture (fx)
Broken bone
Ganglion cyst
Formation of cyst in the sheath covering a tendon, frequently seen on hand, wrist, or ankle
Gout
Type of arthritis consisting of pain and swelling at joint between big toe and forefoot caused by body depositing crystals of uric acid (metabolic waste product) in soft tissues more common in men
Greenstone fracture
Fracture with incomplete break, kne side of the bone breaks and the other side only bends, commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (herniated disk or ruptured disk)
Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae putting pressure on spinal nerves, may required surgery
Impacted fracture
One bone fragment is pushed into another
Kyphosis (hunchback) (humpback)
Abnormal jncrease in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine
Lordosis (swayback)
Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce an image; especially useful for viewing soft tissues such as spinal cord and intervertebral disks
Muscle atrophy (muscle wasting)
Loss of muscle due to disease (muscle or nervous system), or lack of use
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
One of a group of Inherited disease involving progressive muscle Degeneration, weakness, atrophy
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
Oblique fracture
Bone break where fractureine runs along angle to shaft of the bone
Orthosis
Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct deformities
Orthotist
Person skilled in making and adjusting orthoses
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Arthritis caused by loss of Cartilage cushion covering bones in a joint, most common jn weight bearing joints, results in bone rubbing against bone
Osteoporosis
Condition that develops due to decrease in bone mass results in thinning and weakening of the bone. May lead to pathological fractures, most commonly seen in older women
Osteogenic sarcoma
Most common type of bone cancer. Usually begins jn osteocytes found at the ends of bones. Most frequently occurs in ages 10-25
Pathological fracture
Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone, not trauma
Percutaneous diskectomy
Thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk. May involve a laser used to vaporize disk
Prosthesis
Any artificial device used as a substitute for a body part that is either missing from birth or lost as the result of an accident or disease for example an artificial leg a prosthetist is person trained in making prostitutes
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structures of the body especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
Reduction
Correcting a fracture or dislocation by realigning bone closed reduction moves bones externally open reduction manipulates bones erase surgical incision open reduction is usually performed before internal fixation of bone fragments
Repetitive motion disorder
Group of chronic disorders with tendon muscle joint and nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of pressure vibration or repetitive movements
Almatoid arthritis (RA)
Arthritis with swelling stiffness pain and the generational cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation may result in crippling deformities and autoimmune disease
Rotator cuff injury
Rotate a cuff is the elastic capsule around the shoulder joint reinforced by tendons of several shoulder muscles because shoulder is so loose and flexible it is at high risk for rotator cuff tearing may be caused by older use or trauma
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Spasm
Sudden involuntary strong muscle contraction
Spina bifida
Birth defect when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord ranges from mild to severe if the spinal cord is damaged paralysis results
Spinal fracture
Bone break in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone caused by twisting injury often slower to heal than other types of fractures
Sprain
Ligament injury from overstretching but without joint dislocation or bone fracture
Strain
Damage to the muscle or tendon’s from over use or over stretching
Stress fracture
A slight bonebreak caused by repetitive low impact forces such as running rather than single force will impact
Torticollis (crick in the neck) (wrynneck)
Neck spasm severe enough to pull head to one side
total hip arthroplasty (THA), total hip replacement (THR)
Surgical reconstruction of the hip with an artificial hip joint
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), Totla knee replacement (TKR)
Surgical reconstruction of a knee joint with an artificial knee joint
Transverse fracture
Bonebreak with the fractured line straight across the shaft of the bone
AE
Above elbow
AK
Above knee
BDT
Bone density testing
BE
Below Elbow
BK
Below knee
BMD
Bone mineral density
C1, c2, etc
First cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc
Ca
Calcium
CK
Creatine kinase
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
DXA
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry
EMG
Electromyogram
IM
Intramuscular
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus
JRA
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
L1, l2, etc
First lumbar vertebra, etc
LE
Lower extremity
LLE
Left lower extremity
LUE
Left upper extremity
OA
Osteoarthritis
ORF
Open reduction internal fixation
Orth, ortho
Orthopedics
RLE
Right lower extremity
RUE
Right upper extremity
T1, t2, etc
First thoracic vertebra, etc
UE
Upper extremity
CHAPTER 7
Cardiology
-Study of the cardiovascular system
- Involve the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and conditions
Cardiologists treat…
… Coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects, myocardial on function
Cardiovascular technologists…
… Perform or assist with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
The cardiovascular system consists of:
-heart
-blood vessels
The heart
Cardiac muscle tissue that pushes blood through the vessels
Three types of blood vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart
- capillaries are the point of exchange with tissues
-veins carried blood back to the heart
Angio
Vessel
Aorto
Aorta
Areterio
Artery
Arteriolo
Ateriole
Athero
Fatty substance, plaque
Cardio, corono
Heart
Embolo
Plug
Ischo
To hold back
Phlebo
Vein
Sphygmo
Pulse
Sthetho
Chest
Thrombo
Clot
Valvo, valvulo
Valve
Varico
Dilated vein
Vaso, vasculo
Blood vessel
Veno
Vein
Ventriculo
Ventricle
Venulo
Venule
Cutaneo
Skin
Sono
Sound
Pulmono
Lung
Organs commonly treated in cardiology
-Arteries carry blood away from the heart and toward a capillary bed
- the arterial wall contains a thick layer of smooth muscle and can contract or relax
-The lumen is the channel inside the vessel that carries the blood
- most arteries carry oxygenatedd but the arteries from the heart to the lungs carried deoxygenated blood
Cont.
-Capillary’s connect arteries to veins
-groups of capillaries form capillary beds
-the capillary bed is the place where blood gives up oxygen and nutrients takes on a waste
- capillary walls are very dense of facilitate this change
Cont.
-Veins carry blood away from the capillary bed and toward the heart
-vein walls have a thin layer of smooth muscle
-venous valves prevent the backflow and pooling of blood
-most veins carry the oxygenated blood but the veins from the lungs to the heart carry oxygenated blood
Cont.
- The heart is composed of myocardium that contracts to push blood through vessels
-a thin layer of smooth endocardium lines the heart and reduces friction
-the septum divides the heart into right and left sides
*the right side pumps blood to the lungs - the left side pumps blood to the body
The heart is divided into upper and lower chambers
-The atria are upper chambers that receive blood
- the ventricles are lower chambers is that popular
4 valves control flow of blood in the heart
-2 valves are located between the upper and lower chambers
- 2 valves are located between the lower chambers and the arteries
Angiogram
Record of a vessel
Angioma
Vessel tumor
Angio spasm
Involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel
Aortic
Pertaining to the Aorta
Arteriorrhexis
Ruptured artery
Arterial
Pertaining to an artery
Arteriole
Small artery
Arteriolar
Pertaining to an arteriole
Atherosclerosis
hardening of plaque
Atherectomy
Is surgical removal of plaque
Interarterial
Pertaining to between the atria
Artrioventricular
Is pertaining to the atrium and ventrical
Cardiodynia
Heart pain
Pericardial
Pretending to around the heart
Coronary
Pertaining to the heart
Embolism
Is state of having an embolus
Ischemia
Condition of blood being held back
Phlebogram
Record Of a vein
Phlebography
Process of recording a vein
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of an artery
Sthethoscope
Instrument for viewing and listening to the chest
Thrombolysis
Destroy a clot
Thrombotic
Pertaining to a clot
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of vein with clots
Valvule
Small valve
Valvulitis
Inflammation of a vein
Varicose
Pertaining to varicosity
Vasospasm
Involuntary muscle contraction of a blood vessel
Cardiovascular
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
Intravenous
Pertaining to within a vein
Intraventricular
Pertaining to between ventricles
Venular
Pertaining to a venule
Aneurysm
Localized widening of an artery due to a weakness in the arterial wall, may develop in an artery but common sites are the abdominal aorta and the cerebral arteries
Angina pectoris
Is severe chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia
Antilipidemic
Medication that reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in thebloodstream
Anti platelet agents
Medication that inhibits ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood
Arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
Auscultation
Listening to sounds within body such as heart or lungs by using sthethoscope
Auscultation
Listening to sounds within body such as heart or lungs by using sthethoscope
Bacterial Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart ( the endoCardium) caused by bacteria May result in visible accumulation of bacterial called vegetation
Beta blocker drugs
Medication used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering heart rate
Blood pressure (BP)
-Measurement of the pressure exerted by blood against walls of blood vessel
-reported as 2 numbers such as 120 / 80 top number is systolic pressure in which represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is contracting, bottom number is diastolic pressure which represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is relaxing
-systolic pressure is always higher than diastolic pressure
Brady cardia
I’ve normally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute (bpm)
Cardiac arrest
Complete stoppage of all her activity both electrical signals and muscle contractions
Cardiac catheterization (heart cath)
-Passage of a thin tube called a catheter through the veins or arteries leading into the heart
-used to detect heart abnormalities ,to collect cardiac blood samples ,and to determine pressure within the heart
Cardiac biomarkers
-Complex proteins released by heart muscles when it is damaged
- taken by blood sample to determine amount of heart disease or damage
- most common cardiac biomarkers are a creatine kinase (CK) and troponin
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (cpr)
Combination of the external compression to the sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in-and-out of the lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest
Congenital septal defect (csd)
-Birth defect in the wall separating the 2 chambers of the heart allowing blood to pass between the 2 chambers
-there can be an atrial septal defect (asd) or ventricular septal defect (vsd)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Condition that develops when the heart muscle is not able to pump blood forcefully enough reducing blood flow to the body and resulting in weakness, dyspnea and edema
coronary artery bypass graft (cabg)
Open heart surgery in which a blood vessel often a leg vein is grafted to route blood around an occluded coronary artery
coronary artery disease (CAD), arteriosclerosis heart disease (ashd)
Chronic heart disease caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
deep vain thrombosis (dvt)
Formation of blood clots in deep veins, usually occurs in legs, pieces of clots may break away forming emboli
Defibrillation (cardioversion)
Using an instrument called the defibrillator to give an electrical shock to the heart for the purpose of converting an arrhythmia back to a normal heartbeat
Doppler ultrasonography
Imaging technique using ultrasound to create a moving image utilized to evaluate blood flow through blood vessels, movement of heart valves, and movement of the heart muscle during a contraction
Electrocardiography
Diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of the heart, used to diagnose damage to heart tissue from coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery in order to remove plaque
Fibrillation
Abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers, occurrence within fibers of ventricle of heart may result in cardiac arrest and death, emergency equipment to defibrilate or convert heart to normal beat is necessary
Heart murmur
Abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or harsh click, may be soft and heard only with sthethoscope or so loud it can be heard several feet away
Heart transplant
Replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor heart
heart false prolapse
Cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly allowing blood to flow backward called regurgitation through the valve when the heart chamber’s contracts most commonly occurs in the Mitral valve but may affect any heart valve
Heart valves stenosis
Cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully making it difficult for blood to flow through, condition may affect any of the heart valves but most often affects the mittal valve
Holter monitor
Portable EKG monitor worn by a patient for a period of few hours to a few days to assess heart and pulse activity as the person goes through activities of daily living, used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities
Hyperyension (htn)
Blood pressure above the normal range usually systolic above 130 or diastolic above 80
Hypotension
Blood pressure lower than 90 / 60, can occur in shock ,infection ,cancer ,anemia or as death approaches
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD
Electrical device implanted in the chest cavity with electrodes to the heart , applies a shock to the heart to stop potentially life threatening arrhythmias such as fibrillation
Infarct
Area of tissue necrosis that develops from ischemia
Intravascular thrombolitic therapy (clot busters)
Treatment for clots occluding a blood vessel, drugs such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) are injected into blood vessels to chemically dissolve clots
Myocardial infarction MI (heart attack)
Infarct of the heart muscle caused by ocllusion of one or more of the coronary arteries, symptoms include angina pectores, and shortness of breath
Myocardial ischemia
Loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of the myocardium due to ocllusion of a coronary artery , may cause and angina pectoris or mycardial infarction
Occlusion
Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure and may be caused by a thrombus plaque or an embolus
Pacemaker
Electrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of the heart muscle , treatment for BradycardiA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
Method for treating coronary artery narrowing , a balloon catheter is inserted into a coronary artery and inflated to dilate a narrow blood vessel
Peripheral vascular disease PVD
Disease of the blood vessels away from the central region of the body, most typically and the legs , symptoms include pain ,numbness, and impaired circulation
Sphygmomanometer, Blood pressure cuff
Instrument for measuring blood pressure
Stent
Stainless steel 2 placed within a Blood vessel or duct to widen the lumen, May be placed in a coronary artery to treat myocardial ischemia due to athersclerosis
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate greater than a 100 beats per minute
Transesophageal echocardiography TEE
Specialized echocardiography procedure in which the patient swallows an ultrasound head in order to better visualize internal cardiac structures especially cardiac valves
Stress test
Patient is placed on a treadmill or bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work , EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises , the test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG , if person is unable to tolerate exercise then a chemical stress test is performed , during this test a drug is given that dilates blood vessels and increases heart rate and blood pressure while person lies still
Varicose veins
Swollen and distended veins most commonly in legs
Venipuncture
Puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject medication or fluids
ACG
Angiocardiography
AF, a-fib
Atrial fibrillation
AS
Arteriosclerosis
ASCDV
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ASD
Atrial septal defect
ASHD
Aterioscelrotic heart disease
AV, A-V
Atrioventricular
CCU
Coronary care unit
CP
Chest pain
CSD
Congenital Septal defect
LVH
Left ventricular hypertrophy
MmHg
Mm of mercury
MVP
Mitral valve prolapse
NSR
Normal sinus rhythm
P
Pulse
PVC
Premature ventricular contraction
SA, S-A
Sinoatrial
VSD
Ventricular septal defect
VT, V-Tach
Ventricular tachycardia
CHAPTER 8
Hematology
-study of blood
-diagnosis and treatment of Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
Hematologists…
…- Treat bleeding disorders, cancers of the blood forming tissues, and anemia -they interpret blood test and understand transfusion science
Components of blood
55% of blood is watery plasma
-glucose, amino acids, and hormones are transported by plasma
-electrolytes are also in plasma
45% of blood is formed elements
-3 types are erythrocytes, luekocytes, and platelets
-formed elements are created through hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
They contain hemoglobin
-hemoglobin is an oxygen transporting protein
-it gives erythrocytes the red color
fatigue occurs with the lack of hemoglobin
- lack of hemoglobin means too little oxygen to tissues
- extreme cases can lead to coma or death
Leukocytes (WBCs)
-They are an important defense against disease
-there are 5 types
* neutraphils
*basophils
*eosinophils
*monocytes
*lymphocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes)
-They are fragments of larger cells
-they facilitate the blood clotting process (hemostasis)
Baso
Base
Coagulo
Clotting
Eosino
Rosy red
Erythro
Red
Hemo, hemato
Blood
Leuko
White
Lympho
Lymph
Neutro
Neutral
Thrombo
Clot
Glyco
Sugar
Embolo
Plug
Myelo
Bone marrow
Phlebo
Vein
Erythrocyte
Red cell
Thrombocyte
Clotting cell
Leukocytosis
Abnormal condition (too many) in white cells
Anemia
Condition of being without blood
Hyperglycemia
Blood condition with excessive sugar
Hemocyte
Blood cell
Hemoglobin
Blood protein
Hematology
Study of blood
Hematoma
Blood mass
Hematocytopenia
Too few blood cells
Pancytopenia
Too few of all cells
Neutropenia
Too few neutral cells
Basophil
Attracted to basic (stain)
Thrombopoiesis
Formation of clotting cells
Thrombolysis
To Destroy a clot
Anemia
Group of blood disorders involving either a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues
Anticoagulant
Any substance that prevents cloth formation
Aplastic anemia
Severe form of anemia caused by loss of functioning red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the number of all blood cells and may require a bone marrow transplant
Autotransfusion
Collecting and storing one’s own blood to use to replace blood loss during surgery
Blood analyzer
Machine that automatically performs multiple blood chemistry tests such as complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and blood clotting tests
Is blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Blood specimen is incubated to check for bacterial growth and if bacteria are present they are identified and best antibiotic treatment is determined
Blood transfusion
Transfer of blood from one person to another
Bone marrow aspiration
Removal of a small sample of bone marrow by needle for examination for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
Bone marrow transplant BMT
Patient receives redbone marrow donation after his or her own bone marrow is destroyed by radiation or chemo therapy
Coagulate
Formation of a blood clot
Complete blood count cbc
Comprehensive blood test that includes red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell differential, and platelet count
Embolus (floating clot)
Usually a piece of authoromous that breaks away and floats through the bloodstream until it lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks blood flow
ERYTHROCYTE seDImentation rate (ESR, sED rate)
Blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out of a blood to form sediment in the bottom of a test tube and indicates presence of inflammatory disease
Hematocrit (HCT, crit)
Blood test that measures the volume of red blood cells within the total volume of blood
Hematoma (bruise)
Collection of blood Under the Skin as a result of blood escaping and sensitivity from a damaged blood vessel
Hemoglobin (hgb, hb)
Blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin present in a given volume of blood
Hemophilia
Inherited lack of a vital clotting factor resulting in an almost complete inability to stop bleeding
Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin from the red blood cells
Leukemia
Cancer of Leukocyte forming red bone marrow, the patient has a large number of abnormal and immature Leukocytes circulating in the blood
Pernicious anemia (PA)
Anemia resulting on the digestive system absorbs an insufficient amount of vitamin B12 , vitamin B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production
Phlebotomy (venipuncture)
Removal of a blood specimen from a vein for laboratory tests
Platelet count
Blood test that determines the number of platelets in a given volume of blood
Polycythemia vera
Condition characterized by too many erythrocytes, the blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels
Prothrombine time (pro time, pt)
Blood test that measures how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin (a blood clothing protein) is activated
Red blood cell count rbc
Blood test that determines the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood , a decrease may indicate anemia and increase may indicate polycythemia Vera
Septicemia (blood poisoning)
Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream
Serum
Blood that has formed elements and clotting factors removed
Sickle cell anemia
Inherited blood disorder in which RBC’s take on abnormal curved or sickle shapes, cells are fragile and easily damaged resulting in anemia occurring almost exclusively in African descent
Thalassemia
Inherited blood disorder in which the body is unable to correctly make hemoglobin resulting in anemia
Thrombolytic therapy
Administering medications that dissolve a blood clot and restore normal circulation
White blood cell count WBC
Blood test that determines a number of leukocytes in a volume of blood, an increase may indicate infection or leukemia and a decrease may be caused by some diseases, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy
White blood cell differential (diff)
Blood test that determines the number of each type of leukocyte
Basos
Basophils
Eosins, eos
Eosinophils
Monos
Monocytes
Lymphs
Lymphocytes
PMN, polys
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Rh+
Rh positive
Rh-
Rh negative
Segs
Segmented neutrophils
