Exam #2: Chp. 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatology

A

Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the integumentary system, which comprises the skin and accessory organs

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2
Q

Dermatologists treat….

A

-tumors
-damage
-infections
-and inflammations of the skin

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3
Q

Plastic surgeons

A

Perform both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures involving the skin

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4
Q

The integumentaty system includes:

A

-the skin
-hair
-nails

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5
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin (integument)

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6
Q

What does the skin do?

A

-protection
-temperature regulation
-sensation
-waste disposal

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7
Q

Functions: protection

A

-the skin is a two way barrier keeping pathogens out and vital substances in

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8
Q

Temp. Regulation

A

-evaporation of sweat and blood vessel dilation cools the body
-blood vessel constriction keeps the body warm
-fatty subcutaneous layer serves as insulation

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9
Q

Sensation

A

-contains sensory receptors that send info. About touch, pressure, temperature, and pain to the brain

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10
Q

Waste disposal

A

Small amounts (ex. Excess salt) are excreted in sweat

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11
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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12
Q

Adip/o, lip/o

A

Fat

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13
Q

Skin

A

Cutane/o
Derm/o
Dermat/o

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14
Q

Hidr/o

A

Sweat

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15
Q

Kerat/o

A

Keratin, hard, hornlike

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16
Q

Melan/o

A

Melanin, black

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17
Q

Nail

A

Onych/o
Ungu/o

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18
Q

Py/o

A

Pus

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19
Q

Seb/o

A

Sebum, oil

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20
Q

Trich/o

A

Hair

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21
Q

Bi/o

A

Life

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22
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancer

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23
Q

Chem/o

A

Chemical

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24
Q

Cry/o

A

Cold

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25
Erythr/o
Red
26
Ichthy/o
Scaly
27
Leuk/o
White
28
Myc/o
Fungus
29
Necr/o
Death
30
Pedicul/o
Lice
31
Scler/o
Hardening
32
Vesic/o
Bladder, sac
33
Xanth/o
Yellow
34
Xer/o
Dry
35
Adenitis
Inflammation of gland
36
Adenoma
Tumor in gland
37
Adenomegaly
Enlarged gland
38
Adipocyte
Fat cell
39
Adipose
Pertaining to fat
40
Adipoma
Tumor made of fat
41
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below skin
42
Percutaneous
Pertaining to through the skin
43
Xeroderma
Dry Skin condition
44
Erythroderma
Red skin condition
45
Leukoderma
White skin condition
46
Epidermal
Pertaining to over the skin
47
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
48
Transdermal
Pertaining to across the skin
49
Dermatoscerosis
Hardening skin condition
50
Hidradentitis
Sweat gland inflammation
51
Hyperhydrosis
Abnormal condition of excessive sweating
52
Keratoderma
Hornlike skin condition
53
Keratosis
Hornlike abnormal condition
54
Keratogenic
Producing keratin
55
Lipoid
Resembling fat
56
Lipectomy
Surgical removal of fat
57
Melanocyte
Black cell
58
Melanoma
Black tumor
59
Melanotic
Pertaining to being black
60
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail
61
Onychomalacia
Abnormal softening of nail
62
Hyperonychia
Condition of excessive nail (growth)
63
Pyogenic
Producing pus
64
Pyorrhea
Discharge of pus
65
Seborrhea
Discharge of oil
66
Trichophagia
Hair eating (chewing/biting)
67
Ungual
Pertaining to nail
68
Subungual
Pertaining to under nail
69
Abrasion
Skin injury that scrapes away surface of skin
70
Abscess
Collection of pus in skin
71
Alopecia
Loss of hair, especially on head
72
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Skin cancer in basal layer of epidermis, very common cancer that rarely metastisizes
73
Biopsy (BX)
Surgical procedure to remove piece of tissue by needle, knife, punch, or brush to examine under microscope
74
Boil
Bacterial infection of hair follicle
75
1st degree burn
Mild burn damaging only epidermis, results in erythema but no blisters, generally no scarring
76
2nd degree burn
Burn damage extending through epidermis and into dermis, causes blisters, scarring may occur
77
3rd degree burn
Burn damage to full thickness of skin and into underlying tissue, infection and fluid loss are major concerns, usually requires skin grafts, scarring will occur
78
Cauterization
Intentional destruction of tissue by caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezer
79
Cellulitis
Inflammation of connective tissue cells of skin
80
Chemabrasion
Removal of superficial layers of skin using chemicals (chemical peel)
81
Contusion
Blunt trauma to skin resulting in brusing but no break in skin
82
Cryosurgery
Extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
83
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Lab test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from infected area in order to identify the specific type of bacteria and its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics
84
Cyst
Fluid filled sac under skin
85
Debridement
Removal of foreign material and dead damaged tissue from wound
86
Decubitis ulcer (decub)
Open sore caused by pressure over bony prominence obstructing blood flow, cna appear jn bedridden patients who lie in one position too long, can be difficult to heal, commonly called bedsore or pressure sore
87
Dermabraision
Scraping skin with rotating wire brushes or sandpaper, used to remove acne scars
88
Dermatome
Instrument that cuts out small sections or thin slices of skin to be used for graft
89
Ecchymosis
Black and blue skin bruise caused by blood collecting under skin after trauma
90
Erythema
Redness of skin
91
Fissure
Crackling break in skin
92
Gangrene
Tissue necrosis caused by loss of blood supply
93
Herpes simplex
Infection of (HSV) causing painful blisters around lips and nose, commonly caused fever blisters
94
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection of nerve root, causes appearance of painful blisters along nerve path
95
Impetigo
Inflammatory skin disease with pustules that rupture and become crusted
96
Laceration
Jagged edge skin wound caused by tear of skin, doesn't mean a skin cut
97
Laser surgery
Removal of skin lesions and birthmarks using laser beam
98
Lesion
Indicates presence of some type of tissue abnormality, wound, or injury
99
Macule (freckle, birthmark)
Flat, discolored spot on skin surfaces
100
Malignant melanoma (MM)
Aggressive form of skin cancer that originates jn a melanocyte, prone to metastasis
101
Necrosis
Area of tissue death
102
Nevus
Pigmented congenital skin blemish, birthmark, or mole
103
Nodule
Solid raised clump of cells
104
Onychia
Inflamed nail bed
105
Papule
Small solid raised lesion on surface of skin
106
Petechiae
Flat pinpoint purplish spots from bleeding under the skin
107
Pruritis
Severe itching
108
Psoriasis
Xhronic inflammatory oxidation consisting of crusty papules forming patches with circular borders
109
Purpura
Purplish red brushes usually lecturing in people with fragile skin
110
Pustule
Raised spot on the skin containing pus
111
Skin graft
Transfer of skinfrom normal area ot cover another site, used to treat burn victims and after some surgical procedures
112
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Skin cancer that begins in epidermis but may grow into deeper tissue, doesn't generally metasitize to other areas
113
Tinea
Fungal skin disease resulting in itching, scaling lesions
114
Ulcer
Open sore or lesion in skin kr mucous membranes
115
Urticaria (hives)
Skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with severe itching, usually associated with food allergy, stress, or drug reactions
116
Varicella (chickenpox)
Highly contagious viral infection with skin rash
117
Vesicle
Small fluid filled raised spot on skin
118
Wheal
Smal round raised area on skin that may be accompanied by itching, usually seen in allergic reactions
119
I&D
Incision and drainage
120
ID
Intradermal
121
SG
Skin graft
122
STSG
Split thickness skin graft
123
Ung
Ointment
124
Subc, subq
Subcutaneous
125
CHAPTER 6
126
Orthopedics
Medical specialty of the musculoskeletal system
127
Orthopedists
Use medical, surgical, and physical means to improve function of bones. Joints, and muscles
128
Orthopedists treat...
...birth defects, trauma, infection, tumor, inflammatory conditions, and muscular problems
129
The musculoskeletal system consists of...
...bones muscles and joints
130
Bones are joined by....
...ligaments to form the skeleton
131
What is the framework of the body?
The skeleton
132
Joints
-Where two bones meet -joints provide flexibility for movement -muscles are attached tk bones by tendons and contract to move bones at joints
133
Arthr/o
Joint
134
Burs/o
Bursa
135
Carp/o
Carpus
136
Chondr/o
Cartilage
137
Clavicul/o
Clavicle (collar bone)
138
Coccyg/o
Coccyx (tail bone)
139
Cost/o
Rib
140
Crani/o
Skull
141
Femor/o
Femur (thigh bone)
142
Fibul/o
Fibula
143
Humer/o
Humerus
144
Ili/o
Illium
145
Ischi/o
Ischium
146
Kyph/o
Hump
147
Lord/o
Bent backwards
148
Mandibul/o
Mandible
149
Maxill/o
Maxilla
150
Metacarp/o
Metacarpus
151
Metatars/o
Metatarsus
152
Muscul/o, my/o
Muscle
153
Myel/o
Bone marrow
154
Oste/o
Bone
155
Patell/o
Patella
156
Phalang/o
Phalanges
157
Pub/o
Pubis
158
Radi/o
Radius
159
Sacr/o
Sacrum
160
Scapul/o
Scapula (shoulder blade)
161
Scoli/o
Crooked, bent
162
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
163
Stern/o
Sternum
164
Tars/o
Tarsus
165
Ten/o, tendin/o
Tendon
166
Tibi/o
Tibia
167
Uln/o
Ulna
168
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
169
Electr/o
Ectricity
170
Fibr/o
Fibrous
171
Orth/o
Straight
172
Path/o
Disease
173
Fibrous joint
-United by fibrous tissue -allow almost no movement -ex. Suture of the skull
174
Cartilaginous joint
-connected by Cartilage -allow only small amount of shifting -ex. Pubis symphysis
175
Synovial joints
-encased in joint capsule -allow range of motion -ex. Knee or shoulder
176
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
177
Short bones
Roughly cube shaped
178
Flat bones
Plate shaped
179
Irregular bones
Unusual or complex shapes
180
What is bone?
-hard calcified connective tissue -supports body, helps it move, and protects organs
181
Compact or cortical bone tissue
-dense hard exterior surface of bones
182
Spongy or cancellous bone tissue
Found inside bones and has many small spaces containing red bone marrow
183
Red bone marrow
Found in spongy bone and produces blood cells
184
Yellow bone marrow
Located in shaft of the bone and is made of adipose tissue
185
Skeletal muscle
Moves bones and is voluntary
186
Smooth muscle
Produces movement in organs and is involuntary
187
Cardiac muscle
produces movement in the heart and is involuntary
188
Iliac
Pertaining to Ilium
189
Subiliac
Pertaining to under the ilium
190
Intercostal
Pertaining to between ribs
191
Carpal
Pertaining to wrist
192
Jntervertebral
Pertaining to between vertebra
193
Fibular
Pertaining to fibula
194
Arthroscopy
Process of visually examining a joint
195
Arthrodesis
Surgical fusing of a joint
196
Arthrogram
Record of joint
197
Supramaxillary
Pertaining to above maxilla
198
Bursitis
Bursa inflammation
199
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of Cartilage
200
Chondroma
Cartilage tumor
201
Spondylosis
Abnormal condition of a vertebra
202
Tenorrhaphy
To suture a tendon
203
Tendinosis
Abnormal condition of a tendon
204
Bone graft
Surgical procedure using pieces of bone to replace lost bone or fuse two bones together
205
Bone scan
Nuclear medicine scan using Radioactive dye to visualize bone. Useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer
206
Bunion
Inflammation and enlargement of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of big toe)
207
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves as they pass through the carpal tunnel of wrist
208
Closed fracture (simple fracture)
Broken bone with no open skin wound
209
Comminuted fracture
Bone break where the bones shatter in small pieces
210
Compound fracture (open fracture)
Broken bone with open skin wound
211
Compression fracture
Bone break causing loss of height of a vertebral body, may result from trauma but in older person may because by weakened bone (osteoporosis)
212
Contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle
213
Creatine kinase (CK)
Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, elevated blood levels are associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and othe skeletal muscle pathologies
214
Deep tendon reflex (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with a reflex hammer, test to determine if muscles respond properly
215
Dislocation
Bones in joint are displaced form normal alignment and ends of the bones are no longer in contact with each other
216
Dual energy absorptiometry (DXA)
Test using low dose xray beams to measure bone density, used to diagnose osteoporosis
217
Fibromyalgia
Chronic condition with widespread arching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue
218
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals, external fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin, internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires put in place during surgery called open reduction
219
Fracture (fx)
Broken bone
220
Ganglion cyst
Formation of cyst in the sheath covering a tendon, frequently seen on hand, wrist, or ankle
221
Gout
Type of arthritis consisting of pain and swelling at joint between big toe and forefoot caused by body depositing crystals of uric acid (metabolic waste product) in soft tissues more common in men
222
Greenstone fracture
Fracture with incomplete break, kne side of the bone breaks and the other side only bends, commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable
223
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (herniated disk or ruptured disk)
Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae putting pressure on spinal nerves, may required surgery
224
Impacted fracture
One bone fragment is pushed into another
225
Kyphosis (hunchback) (humpback)
Abnormal jncrease in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine
226
Lordosis (swayback)
Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of the lumbar spine
227
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce an image; especially useful for viewing soft tissues such as spinal cord and intervertebral disks
228
Muscle atrophy (muscle wasting)
Loss of muscle due to disease (muscle or nervous system), or lack of use
229
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
One of a group of Inherited disease involving progressive muscle Degeneration, weakness, atrophy
230
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
231
Oblique fracture
Bone break where fractureine runs along angle to shaft of the bone
232
Orthosis
Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct deformities
233
Orthotist
Person skilled in making and adjusting orthoses
234
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Arthritis caused by loss of Cartilage cushion covering bones in a joint, most common jn weight bearing joints, results in bone rubbing against bone
235
Osteoporosis
Condition that develops due to decrease in bone mass results in thinning and weakening of the bone. May lead to pathological fractures, most commonly seen in older women
236
Osteogenic sarcoma
Most common type of bone cancer. Usually begins jn osteocytes found at the ends of bones. Most frequently occurs in ages 10-25
237
Pathological fracture
Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone, not trauma
238
Percutaneous diskectomy
Thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk. May involve a laser used to vaporize disk
239
Prosthesis
Any artificial device used as a substitute for a body part that is either missing from birth or lost as the result of an accident or disease for example an artificial leg a prosthetist is person trained in making prostitutes
240
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structures of the body especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
241
Reduction
Correcting a fracture or dislocation by realigning bone closed reduction moves bones externally open reduction manipulates bones erase surgical incision open reduction is usually performed before internal fixation of bone fragments
242
Repetitive motion disorder
Group of chronic disorders with tendon muscle joint and nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of pressure vibration or repetitive movements
243
Almatoid arthritis (RA)
Arthritis with swelling stiffness pain and the generational cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation may result in crippling deformities and autoimmune disease
244
Rotator cuff injury
Rotate a cuff is the elastic capsule around the shoulder joint reinforced by tendons of several shoulder muscles because shoulder is so loose and flexible it is at high risk for rotator cuff tearing may be caused by older use or trauma
245
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
246
Spasm
Sudden involuntary strong muscle contraction
247
Spina bifida
Birth defect when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord ranges from mild to severe if the spinal cord is damaged paralysis results
248
Spinal fracture
Bone break in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone caused by twisting injury often slower to heal than other types of fractures
249
Sprain
Ligament injury from overstretching but without joint dislocation or bone fracture
250
Strain
Damage to the muscle or tendon's from over use or over stretching
251
Stress fracture
A slight bonebreak caused by repetitive low impact forces such as running rather than single force will impact
252
Torticollis (crick in the neck) (wrynneck)
Neck spasm severe enough to pull head to one side
253
total hip arthroplasty (THA), total hip replacement (THR)
Surgical reconstruction of the hip with an artificial hip joint
254
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), Totla knee replacement (TKR)
Surgical reconstruction of a knee joint with an artificial knee joint
255
Transverse fracture
Bonebreak with the fractured line straight across the shaft of the bone
256
AE
Above elbow
257
AK
Above knee
258
BDT
Bone density testing
259
BE
Below Elbow
260
BK
Below knee
261
BMD
Bone mineral density
262
C1, c2, etc
First cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc
263
Ca
Calcium
264
CK
Creatine kinase
265
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
266
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
267
DXA
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry
268
EMG
Electromyogram
269
IM
Intramuscular
270
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus
271
JRA
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
272
L1, l2, etc
First lumbar vertebra, etc
273
LE
Lower extremity
274
LLE
Left lower extremity
275
LUE
Left upper extremity
276
OA
Osteoarthritis
277
ORF
Open reduction internal fixation
278
Orth, ortho
Orthopedics
279
RLE
Right lower extremity
280
RUE
Right upper extremity
281
T1, t2, etc
First thoracic vertebra, etc
282
UE
Upper extremity
283
CHAPTER 7
284
Cardiology
-Study of the cardiovascular system - Involve the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and conditions
285
Cardiologists treat...
... Coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects, myocardial on function
286
Cardiovascular technologists...
... Perform or assist with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
287
The cardiovascular system consists of:
-heart -blood vessels
288
The heart
Cardiac muscle tissue that pushes blood through the vessels
289
Three types of blood vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart - capillaries are the point of exchange with tissues -veins carried blood back to the heart
290
Angio
Vessel
291
Aorto
Aorta
292
Areterio
Artery
293
Arteriolo
Ateriole
294
Athero
Fatty substance, plaque
295
Cardio, corono
Heart
296
Embolo
Plug
297
Ischo
To hold back
298
Phlebo
Vein
299
Sphygmo
Pulse
300
Sthetho
Chest
301
Thrombo
Clot
302
Valvo, valvulo
Valve
303
Varico
Dilated vein
304
Vaso, vasculo
Blood vessel
305
Veno
Vein
306
Ventriculo
Ventricle
307
Venulo
Venule
308
Cutaneo
Skin
309
Sono
Sound
310
Pulmono
Lung
311
Organs commonly treated in cardiology
-Arteries carry blood away from the heart and toward a capillary bed - the arterial wall contains a thick layer of smooth muscle and can contract or relax -The lumen is the channel inside the vessel that carries the blood - most arteries carry oxygenatedd but the arteries from the heart to the lungs carried deoxygenated blood
312
Cont.
-Capillary's connect arteries to veins -groups of capillaries form capillary beds -the capillary bed is the place where blood gives up oxygen and nutrients takes on a waste - capillary walls are very dense of facilitate this change
313
Cont.
-Veins carry blood away from the capillary bed and toward the heart -vein walls have a thin layer of smooth muscle -venous valves prevent the backflow and pooling of blood -most veins carry the oxygenated blood but the veins from the lungs to the heart carry oxygenated blood
314
Cont.
- The heart is composed of myocardium that contracts to push blood through vessels -a thin layer of smooth endocardium lines the heart and reduces friction -the septum divides the heart into right and left sides *the right side pumps blood to the lungs * the left side pumps blood to the body
315
The heart is divided into upper and lower chambers
-The atria are upper chambers that receive blood - the ventricles are lower chambers is that popular
316
4 valves control flow of blood in the heart
-2 valves are located between the upper and lower chambers - 2 valves are located between the lower chambers and the arteries
317
Angiogram
Record of a vessel
318
Angioma
Vessel tumor
319
Angio spasm
Involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel
320
Aortic
Pertaining to the Aorta
321
Arteriorrhexis
Ruptured artery
322
Arterial
Pertaining to an artery
323
Arteriole
Small artery
324
Arteriolar
Pertaining to an arteriole
325
Atherosclerosis
hardening of plaque
326
Atherectomy
Is surgical removal of plaque
327
Interarterial
Pertaining to between the atria
328
Artrioventricular
Is pertaining to the atrium and ventrical
329
Cardiodynia
Heart pain
330
Pericardial
Pretending to around the heart
331
Coronary
Pertaining to the heart
332
Embolism
Is state of having an embolus
333
Ischemia
Condition of blood being held back
334
Phlebogram
Record Of a vein
335
Phlebography
Process of recording a vein
336
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of an artery
337
Sthethoscope
Instrument for viewing and listening to the chest
338
Thrombolysis
Destroy a clot
339
Thrombotic
Pertaining to a clot
340
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of vein with clots
341
Valvule
Small valve
342
Valvulitis
Inflammation of a vein
343
Varicose
Pertaining to varicosity
344
Vasospasm
Involuntary muscle contraction of a blood vessel
345
Cardiovascular
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
346
Intravenous
Pertaining to within a vein
347
Intraventricular
Pertaining to between ventricles
348
Venular
Pertaining to a venule
349
Aneurysm
Localized widening of an artery due to a weakness in the arterial wall, may develop in an artery but common sites are the abdominal aorta and the cerebral arteries
350
Angina pectoris
Is severe chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia
351
Antilipidemic
Medication that reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in thebloodstream
352
Anti platelet agents
Medication that inhibits ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood
353
Arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
354
Auscultation
Listening to sounds within body such as heart or lungs by using sthethoscope
355
Auscultation
Listening to sounds within body such as heart or lungs by using sthethoscope
356
Bacterial Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart ( the endoCardium) caused by bacteria May result in visible accumulation of bacterial called vegetation
357
Beta blocker drugs
Medication used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering heart rate
358
Blood pressure (BP)
-Measurement of the pressure exerted by blood against walls of blood vessel -reported as 2 numbers such as 120 / 80 top number is systolic pressure in which represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is contracting, bottom number is diastolic pressure which represents pressure in blood vessels while heart is relaxing -systolic pressure is always higher than diastolic pressure
359
Brady cardia
I've normally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute (bpm)
360
Cardiac arrest
Complete stoppage of all her activity both electrical signals and muscle contractions
361
Cardiac catheterization (heart cath)
-Passage of a thin tube called a catheter through the veins or arteries leading into the heart -used to detect heart abnormalities ,to collect cardiac blood samples ,and to determine pressure within the heart
362
Cardiac biomarkers
-Complex proteins released by heart muscles when it is damaged - taken by blood sample to determine amount of heart disease or damage - most common cardiac biomarkers are a creatine kinase (CK) and troponin
363
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (cpr)
Combination of the external compression to the sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in-and-out of the lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest
364
Congenital septal defect (csd)
-Birth defect in the wall separating the 2 chambers of the heart allowing blood to pass between the 2 chambers -there can be an atrial septal defect (asd) or ventricular septal defect (vsd)
365
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Condition that develops when the heart muscle is not able to pump blood forcefully enough reducing blood flow to the body and resulting in weakness, dyspnea and edema
366
coronary artery bypass graft (cabg)
Open heart surgery in which a blood vessel often a leg vein is grafted to route blood around an occluded coronary artery
367
coronary artery disease (CAD), arteriosclerosis heart disease (ashd)
Chronic heart disease caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
368
deep vain thrombosis (dvt)
Formation of blood clots in deep veins, usually occurs in legs, pieces of clots may break away forming emboli
369
Defibrillation (cardioversion)
Using an instrument called the defibrillator to give an electrical shock to the heart for the purpose of converting an arrhythmia back to a normal heartbeat
370
Doppler ultrasonography
Imaging technique using ultrasound to create a moving image utilized to evaluate blood flow through blood vessels, movement of heart valves, and movement of the heart muscle during a contraction
371
Electrocardiography
Diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of the heart, used to diagnose damage to heart tissue from coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction
372
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery in order to remove plaque
373
Fibrillation
Abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers, occurrence within fibers of ventricle of heart may result in cardiac arrest and death, emergency equipment to defibrilate or convert heart to normal beat is necessary
374
Heart murmur
Abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or harsh click, may be soft and heard only with sthethoscope or so loud it can be heard several feet away
375
Heart transplant
Replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor heart
376
heart false prolapse
Cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly allowing blood to flow backward called regurgitation through the valve when the heart chamber's contracts most commonly occurs in the Mitral valve but may affect any heart valve
377
Heart valves stenosis
Cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully making it difficult for blood to flow through, condition may affect any of the heart valves but most often affects the mittal valve
378
Holter monitor
Portable EKG monitor worn by a patient for a period of few hours to a few days to assess heart and pulse activity as the person goes through activities of daily living, used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities
379
Hyperyension (htn)
Blood pressure above the normal range usually systolic above 130 or diastolic above 80
380
Hypotension
Blood pressure lower than 90 / 60, can occur in shock ,infection ,cancer ,anemia or as death approaches
381
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD
Electrical device implanted in the chest cavity with electrodes to the heart , applies a shock to the heart to stop potentially life threatening arrhythmias such as fibrillation
382
Infarct
Area of tissue necrosis that develops from ischemia
383
Intravascular thrombolitic therapy (clot busters)
Treatment for clots occluding a blood vessel, drugs such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) are injected into blood vessels to chemically dissolve clots
384
Myocardial infarction MI (heart attack)
Infarct of the heart muscle caused by ocllusion of one or more of the coronary arteries, symptoms include angina pectores, and shortness of breath
385
Myocardial ischemia
Loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of the myocardium due to ocllusion of a coronary artery , may cause and angina pectoris or mycardial infarction
386
Occlusion
Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure and may be caused by a thrombus plaque or an embolus
387
Pacemaker
Electrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of the heart muscle , treatment for BradycardiA
388
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
Method for treating coronary artery narrowing , a balloon catheter is inserted into a coronary artery and inflated to dilate a narrow blood vessel
389
Peripheral vascular disease PVD
Disease of the blood vessels away from the central region of the body, most typically and the legs , symptoms include pain ,numbness, and impaired circulation
390
Sphygmomanometer, Blood pressure cuff
Instrument for measuring blood pressure
391
Stent
Stainless steel 2 placed within a Blood vessel or duct to widen the lumen, May be placed in a coronary artery to treat myocardial ischemia due to athersclerosis
392
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate greater than a 100 beats per minute
393
Transesophageal echocardiography TEE
Specialized echocardiography procedure in which the patient swallows an ultrasound head in order to better visualize internal cardiac structures especially cardiac valves
394
Stress test
Patient is placed on a treadmill or bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work , EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises , the test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG , if person is unable to tolerate exercise then a chemical stress test is performed , during this test a drug is given that dilates blood vessels and increases heart rate and blood pressure while person lies still
395
Varicose veins
Swollen and distended veins most commonly in legs
396
Venipuncture
Puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject medication or fluids
397
ACG
Angiocardiography
398
AF, a-fib
Atrial fibrillation
399
AS
Arteriosclerosis
400
ASCDV
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
401
ASD
Atrial septal defect
402
ASHD
Aterioscelrotic heart disease
403
AV, A-V
Atrioventricular
404
CCU
Coronary care unit
405
CP
Chest pain
406
CSD
Congenital Septal defect
407
LVH
Left ventricular hypertrophy
408
MmHg
Mm of mercury
409
MVP
Mitral valve prolapse
410
NSR
Normal sinus rhythm
411
P
Pulse
412
PVC
Premature ventricular contraction
413
SA, S-A
Sinoatrial
414
VSD
Ventricular septal defect
415
VT, V-Tach
Ventricular tachycardia
416
CHAPTER 8
417
Hematology
-study of blood -diagnosis and treatment of Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
418
Hematologists...
...- Treat bleeding disorders, cancers of the blood forming tissues, and anemia -they interpret blood test and understand transfusion science
419
Components of blood
55% of blood is watery plasma -glucose, amino acids, and hormones are transported by plasma -electrolytes are also in plasma 45% of blood is formed elements -3 types are erythrocytes, luekocytes, and platelets -formed elements are created through hematopoiesis
420
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
They contain hemoglobin -hemoglobin is an oxygen transporting protein -it gives erythrocytes the red color fatigue occurs with the lack of hemoglobin - lack of hemoglobin means too little oxygen to tissues - extreme cases can lead to coma or death
421
Leukocytes (WBCs)
-They are an important defense against disease -there are 5 types * neutraphils *basophils *eosinophils *monocytes *lymphocytes
422
Platelets (thrombocytes)
-They are fragments of larger cells -they facilitate the blood clotting process (hemostasis)
423
Baso
Base
424
Coagulo
Clotting
425
Eosino
Rosy red
426
Erythro
Red
427
Hemo, hemato
Blood
428
Leuko
White
429
Lympho
Lymph
430
Neutro
Neutral
431
Thrombo
Clot
432
Glyco
Sugar
433
Embolo
Plug
434
Myelo
Bone marrow
435
Phlebo
Vein
436
Erythrocyte
Red cell
437
Thrombocyte
Clotting cell
438
Leukocytosis
Abnormal condition (too many) in white cells
439
Anemia
Condition of being without blood
440
Hyperglycemia
Blood condition with excessive sugar
441
Hemocyte
Blood cell
442
Hemoglobin
Blood protein
443
Hematology
Study of blood
444
Hematoma
Blood mass
445
Hematocytopenia
Too few blood cells
446
Pancytopenia
Too few of all cells
447
Neutropenia
Too few neutral cells
448
Basophil
Attracted to basic (stain)
449
Thrombopoiesis
Formation of clotting cells
450
Thrombolysis
To Destroy a clot
451
Anemia
Group of blood disorders involving either a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues
452
Anticoagulant
Any substance that prevents cloth formation
453
Aplastic anemia
Severe form of anemia caused by loss of functioning red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the number of all blood cells and may require a bone marrow transplant
454
Autotransfusion
Collecting and storing one's own blood to use to replace blood loss during surgery
455
Blood analyzer
Machine that automatically performs multiple blood chemistry tests such as complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and blood clotting tests
456
Is blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Blood specimen is incubated to check for bacterial growth and if bacteria are present they are identified and best antibiotic treatment is determined
457
Blood transfusion
Transfer of blood from one person to another
458
Bone marrow aspiration
Removal of a small sample of bone marrow by needle for examination for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
459
Bone marrow transplant BMT
Patient receives redbone marrow donation after his or her own bone marrow is destroyed by radiation or chemo therapy
460
Coagulate
Formation of a blood clot
461
Complete blood count cbc
Comprehensive blood test that includes red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell differential, and platelet count
462
Embolus (floating clot)
Usually a piece of authoromous that breaks away and floats through the bloodstream until it lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks blood flow
463
ERYTHROCYTE seDImentation rate (ESR, sED rate)
Blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out of a blood to form sediment in the bottom of a test tube and indicates presence of inflammatory disease
464
Hematocrit (HCT, crit)
Blood test that measures the volume of red blood cells within the total volume of blood
465
Hematoma (bruise)
Collection of blood Under the Skin as a result of blood escaping and sensitivity from a damaged blood vessel
466
Hemoglobin (hgb, hb)
Blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin present in a given volume of blood
467
Hemophilia
Inherited lack of a vital clotting factor resulting in an almost complete inability to stop bleeding
468
Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin from the red blood cells
469
Leukemia
Cancer of Leukocyte forming red bone marrow, the patient has a large number of abnormal and immature Leukocytes circulating in the blood
470
Pernicious anemia (PA)
Anemia resulting on the digestive system absorbs an insufficient amount of vitamin B12 , vitamin B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production
471
Phlebotomy (venipuncture)
Removal of a blood specimen from a vein for laboratory tests
472
Platelet count
Blood test that determines the number of platelets in a given volume of blood
473
Polycythemia vera
Condition characterized by too many erythrocytes, the blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels
474
Prothrombine time (pro time, pt)
Blood test that measures how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin (a blood clothing protein) is activated
475
Red blood cell count rbc
Blood test that determines the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood , a decrease may indicate anemia and increase may indicate polycythemia Vera
476
Septicemia (blood poisoning)
Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream
477
Serum
Blood that has formed elements and clotting factors removed
478
Sickle cell anemia
Inherited blood disorder in which RBC's take on abnormal curved or sickle shapes, cells are fragile and easily damaged resulting in anemia occurring almost exclusively in African descent
479
Thalassemia
Inherited blood disorder in which the body is unable to correctly make hemoglobin resulting in anemia
480
Thrombolytic therapy
Administering medications that dissolve a blood clot and restore normal circulation
481
White blood cell count WBC
Blood test that determines a number of leukocytes in a volume of blood, an increase may indicate infection or leukemia and a decrease may be caused by some diseases, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy
482
White blood cell differential (diff)
Blood test that determines the number of each type of leukocyte
483
Basos
Basophils
484
Eosins, eos
Eosinophils
485
Monos
Monocytes
486
Lymphs
Lymphocytes
487
PMN, polys
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
488
Rh+
Rh positive
489
Rh-
Rh negative
490
Segs
Segmented neutrophils