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Psychology 102 > Exam 2 (Chapters 8 & 10 Coleman) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapters 8 & 10 Coleman) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

how information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing

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2
Q

Thinking

A

the process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively

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3
Q

Concepts

A

mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

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4
Q

Formal Concepts

A

concepts that have a rigid set of rules or parameters for membership

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5
Q

natural concepts

A

concepts that develop through our own experiences in the world

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6
Q

Prototype Model

A

model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept

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7
Q

Problem Solving

A

the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available

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8
Q

Subgoals

A

intermediate goals or intermediate problems devised to put the individual in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution

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9
Q

Algorithms

A

strategies, including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions, that guarantee a solution to a problem

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10
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcuts strategies and guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

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11
Q

Fixation

A

using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective

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12
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

falling to solve a problem as a result of fixation on an object’s usual functions (ignoring unusual functions)

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13
Q

Reasoning

A

mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusion

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14
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

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15
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance

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16
Q

Decision Making

A

evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

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17
Q
  • System I-Automatic
A

rapid, heuristic, associative, intuitive, Intuition

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18
Q
  • System II-Controlled
A

slower, effortful, analytical

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19
Q

Loss Aversion

A

prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

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20
Q

Framing

A

the way a decision or problem is presented

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21
Q

Endowment effect

A

ascribing greater value to things they already own than objects owned by someone else

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22
Q

Sunk Cost Fallacy

A

reluctance to give up on a venture because of past investment

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23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

search only for and use information that supports our ideas, but none that refutes them

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24
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

report falsely that we predicted an outcome after the fact

25
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

predict probability based on ease of recalling or imagining similar event

26
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

occurs when people with little of no knowledge greatly overestimate their knowledge

27
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

make judgements based on stereotypes

28
Q

Bias Blind Spot

A

notice other biases in others but not in self

29
Q

Critical Thinking

A

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

30
Q

Mindfulness

A

state of being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities

31
Q

Open-Mindedness

A

state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things

32
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways to devise unconventional solutions to problems

33
Q

Divergent Versus Convergent Thinking

A
  • Divergent: many solutions
  • Convergent: single best solution
34
Q

Intelligence

A

all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems, learn from experience

35
Q

Spearman’s General Intelligence

A

represents a broad mental capacity that influences performance on mental tasks

36
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems

37
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to use learned skills, knowledge, and experience

38
Q

Social Intelligence

A

ability to negotiate new social environments

39
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

a person’s ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilize his or her emotions

40
Q

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A
41
Q

Verbal

A

ability to think in words and use language to express meaning

42
Q

Mathematical

A

ability to carry out mathematical operations

43
Q

Spatial

A

ability to think three-dimensionally

44
Q

Body Kinesthetic

A

ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept

45
Q

Musical

A

ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone

46
Q

Interpersonal

A

ability to understand and interact effectively with others

47
Q

Intrapersonal

A

ability to understand oneself

48
Q

Naturalistic

A

ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems

49
Q

Existentialist

A

ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality

50
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A
51
Q

Validity

A

extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure

52
Q

Reliability

A

extent to which the test yields a consistent measure that can be reproduced

53
Q

Standardization

A

developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms

54
Q

Norms

A

performance standards for particular test and are created as a way of interpreting scores

55
Q

Mental Age (MA)

A

level of mental development relative to that of others for a particular age group

56
Q

Chronological age (CA)

A

the actual age from birth of the individual

57
Q

Wechsler Scales

A

assess vocabulary, working memory capacity, math abilities, solving puzzles, comprehension, etc.

58
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Psychology 102 (1 decks)

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