Exam 2 (Chapters 6-10) Review Flashcards
The hormones that dominate during the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) resistance phase are the…
…glucocorticoids.
What association is most accurate?
diarthroses; synovial
The deltoid acts to…
…abduct the arm.
Ribs connected to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions are called ____ ribs.
true
Explain how an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor affects muscle contraction. (Hint: Think about what would typically happen without an inhibitor.)
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor will prevent AChE from breaking down ACh at the neuromuscular junction. The continued presence of ACh in the synapse will lead to continuous depolarization of the muscle fiber, thereby causing constant muscle contraction.
What are peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones called?
target cells
Taste receptors are…
…specialized epithelial cells.
What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues?
erythropoietin
The fibula…
…provides lateral stability to the ankle.
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by…
…negative feedback.
From what does botulism result?
Botulism results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals.
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
referred pain
A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, is the…
…medulla oblongata.
What is one role of the fontanels?
to allow for the change in the shape of the skull during childbirth
Dorsiflexion involves _______ at the ankle joint and _________ of the foot.
flexion; elevation of the sole
Which muscle produces the action of standing on the tip-toes?
the soleus
Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order:
- Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma.
- Nerve impulse arrives at the synapse.
- Calcium is released into the muscle cell cytoplasm.
- Acetylcholine is released.
- Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, pulling actin molecules inward.
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
What statement regarding isometric contractions is true?
The tension produced never exceeds the load.
What statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true?
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
Loss of lens transparency is referred to as…
…a cataract.
What primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the function of the efferent division of the nervous system?
sending signals to muscles
The highest level of endocrine control is provided by what?
the hypothalamus
Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called…
…proprioceptors.
What is an example of the skeletal system’s primary function of providing structural support?
Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.
Which muscle functions to maintain an erect spinal column and head?
the erector spinae
Generally, the actions of hormones…
…can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.
The bones that form the palms of the hands are the…
…metacarpals.
The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the…
…region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated.
Creatine phosphate serves to…
…supply energy to synthesize ATP.
Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, where they are released, and how each exerts its effect.
Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland. When blood calcium concentration is too high, it decreases blood calcium levels back to normal. Calcitonin activates osteoblasts, which deposit calcium from the blood into bone.
PTH is released from the parathyroid gland. When blood calcium concentration is too low, it returns blood calcium levels to normal. PTH activates osteoclasts, dissolving bone and releasing calcium into the blood.
What establishes emotional states?
the limbic system
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include…
…increased secretion by digestive glands.
During which phase is the stimulus frequency so high that the relaxation phase is eliminated?
complete tetanus
Neurons in the respiratory centers of the brain that respond to pH are examples of what?
chemoreceptors
What statement is true about the adrenal glands?
The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels.
Found outside or inside a joint capsule, structures that join bone to bone are called _________.
ligaments
Damage to the _____ nerve, vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.
vagus
Describe how muscles help maintain homeostasis.
Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.
When blood glucose levels fall…
…glucagon is released.
The hearing receptors are located in the…
…cochlear duct.
The visual cortex is located in the…
…occipital lobe.
The paranasal sinuses function in…
…lightening the skull and providing an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is…
…smooth.
What accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?
calcium phosphate
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the…
…anterior pituitary.
What is the gray matter of the spinal cord dominated by?
cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential:
- Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization
- Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels
- Depolarization to the threshold
- Closing of potassium channels
3, 1, 2, 4
In infants, which muscle allows the mouth to form a tight fit around the nipple during suckling at the breast?
orbicularis oris
The ossicles connect the…
…tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Which two features make up the hinge joint at the elbow?
trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna
The conscious awareness of a sensation is called what?
perception
Explain the anatomy and physiology of the myelin sheath in the CNS and how demyelination can affect motor control.
In the CNS, the myelin sheath is made by oligodendrocytes wrapping around long axons. This allows action potentials to travel faster along axons through saltatory conduction.
Destruction of the myelin sheath slows the time it takes for motor neurons to communicate with their effector muscles. Myelin destruction causes the affected body regions to lose motor control.
What are nociceptors sensitive to?
pain
Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the required coordination and balance. What is the area of the brain most needed for this activity?
the cerebellum
The region of the brain involved in conscious thought and intellectual function and processing somatic sensory and motor information is the…
…cerebrum.
