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Positive Psychology > Exam 2 (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6) Flashcards

1
Q

what were the 3 missions of psych before WWII?

A

understanding and curing mental disorders, enhancing productivity and sense of fulfillment, identifying talent and reaching potential

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2
Q

what was the main shift of psych after WWII?

A

shift to “what’s wrong”, individuals are passive beings who learning through operant conditioning; Walden two (1948)

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3
Q

What was the beginning of positive psych?

A

Martin Seligman proposed a shift towards studying and trying to build the best in life

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4
Q

Research of Social Psych?

A

Milgrim Obedience Study, Stanford Prison Experiment, Line Judging Experiment

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5
Q

DSM or Disease Model

A

diagnosis and labeling of problems, comes from the desire to be useful and gain status/respect

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6
Q

Who studied consciousness?

A

Wundt, Titcher, and James

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7
Q

Who studied behaviorism?

A

Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov

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8
Q

Strength’s Model

A

what’s right, identifying individual strengths

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9
Q

What is negativity bias?

A

deals with rumination, the idea that negative events and emotions hold more weight

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10
Q

What are the dimensions of positive psych?

A

subjective level, individual level, and society level

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11
Q

What is subjective level?

A

positive emotions and optimism

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12
Q

What is individual level?

A

character strengths

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13
Q

What is society level?

A

healthy families and institutions

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14
Q

What does the death bed test determine?

A

what Is truly important in life

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15
Q

what constitutes the good life?

A

connections with others, positive individual traits, and life regulation qualities (autonomy and self control)

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16
Q

The “lens”

A

how we view events and situations

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17
Q

what are the classifications of mental health?

A

flourishing, struggling, floundering, and languishing

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18
Q

what is flourishing?

A

high wellbeing and low mental illness

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19
Q

what is struggling?

A

high wellbeing and high mental illness

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20
Q

what is floundering?

A

low wellbeing and high mental illness

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21
Q

what is languishing?

A

low wellbeing and low mental illness

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22
Q

PANAS

A

Positive versus negative effects of emotion

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23
Q

components of wellbeing?

A

PERMA; includes self acceptance, growth, purpose, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations

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24
Q

PERMA

A

engagement, relationships, positive emotions, vitality, meaning, and achievement

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25
Q

components of social wellbeing?

A

social acceptance, social actualization, social contribution, social coherence, and social integration

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26
Q

Seligman’s Positive Psych Agenda

A

Authentic happiness theory, well-being theory

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27
Q

What is the Authentic Happiness Theory?

A

life satisfaction increases (headonic)

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28
Q

What is the Well-being Theory?

A

increasing flourishing through positive emotions, engagement, meaning, relationships, and accomplishments (eudaemonic)

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29
Q

Hedonic

A

pleasure through experiences

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30
Q

Eudaemonic

A

holistic; finding purpose and meaning in life

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31
Q

basic emotions are seen through?

A

universal facial expressions which are carried out unconsciously

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32
Q

relationship between positive and negative emotions?

A

both are independent of the other

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33
Q

Plutchick’s Circumplex Model

A

activation (aroused), pleasant (positive), deactivation (not aroused), unpleasant (negative)

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34
Q

Basic emotions are a combination of?

A

biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural influences

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35
Q

which cortex is associated with happiness?

A

left prefrontal cortex

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36
Q

which cortex is partially associated with addiction?

A

prefrontal cortex

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37
Q

dopamine

A

reward chemical

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38
Q

oxytocin

A

love chemical

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39
Q

serotonin

A

mood stabilizer (ie exercise)

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40
Q

endorphin

A

pain killer (ie laughter)

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41
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

growth of the brain and the increase of gray matter in the brain after learning music and meditation

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42
Q

What is the Leminscate of Attention Meditation as Problem Solving?

A

focused attention versus open attention

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43
Q

what determines an individuals happiness baseline?

A

inheritance/genes

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44
Q

RAIN

A

recognition, attention, investigation (cognitions and emotions), and non-identification

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45
Q

ABCDE (Seligman’s Learned Behavior)

A

adversity, beliefs, consequences, deputations, and energizations

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46
Q

what are the components of emotion?

A

cognition and behavior

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47
Q

what is extrinsic motivation?

A

engaging in an activity for an external reward

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48
Q

what is introjection?

A

slight extrinsic, deals with the ego

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49
Q

what is amotivation?

A

lack of perceived competence and value

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50
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A

engaging in an activity for personal reward/satisfaction

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51
Q

what is integration?

A

a form of intrinsic motivation, consistency in identification

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52
Q

Approach vs avoidance: What is approach?

A

playing to win

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53
Q

Approach vs avoidance: What is avoidance?

A

playing not to lose or to prevent the worse (harder to achieve due to low self esteem)

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54
Q

What is the self discrepancy theory?

A

selves (actual, ideal, ought) and discrepancies (the distance from goals resulting in tension and negative affects)

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55
Q

what is cognitive dissonance resolution?

A

discrepancy between two or more attitudes and behaviors; to resolve one must change attitude and behavior

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56
Q

what is a matched goal?

A

match and fulfill individual needs and values

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57
Q

What is the Hope Theory?

A

people who are hopeful feel more positive emotions “will power” and “way power”

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58
Q

what is affective forecasting?

A

predicting how it will feel after reaching a goal (impact bias due because ideals are not accurate/realistic)

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59
Q

what is beginner’s mind?

A

avoiding prejudgement and being present in the moment

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60
Q

What is the Broaden and Build Theory?

A

start with positive emotions –> broaden novel thoughts and activities –> social support, resilience, skills, and knowledge –> ends with enhanced health, survival, and fulfillment

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61
Q

Emotional Intelligence: What is the four branch model?

A

intrapersonal and interpersonal; perceiving emotions, facilitating thoughts with emotions, understanding emotions, and hanging emotions

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62
Q

Emotional Intelligence: what is Emotional Regulation?

A

control of negative emotions, resist “fight or flight”

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63
Q

Expand on Emotional regulation

A

processing information, maintaining positive state, delaying gratification, and coping with changes; attentional control (attention focus, shifting, and control of thought)

64
Q

What are components of the Ryff’s Scale?

A

autonomy, environmental mastery (PERMA), personal growth, positive relations with others (PERMA), purpose in life (PERMA), and self-acceptance

65
Q

what is the self determination theory (SDT)?

A

we all have the basic needs of competence (achievement/pride), relatedness (+connections with others), autonomy (free choice)

66
Q

Why is the SDT theory important?

A

humans need nutrients to ensure growth, integrity, and well-being (to flourish)

67
Q

What are examples of questions from Diener’s Life Satisfaction Scale?

A

“In most ways my life is close to ideal” and “the conditions of my life are excellent”

68
Q

What are ways to measure subjective wellbeing?

A

work, finances, friends, romance, PANAS, authentic (duchess) vs Pan-Am smile

69
Q

What is PANAS?

A

Positive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule
positive (attentive, active, alert) and negative (hostile, irritable, ashamed, guilty)

70
Q

what are the deficits of Global Self Report?

A

susceptible to distortion due to memory selectivity

71
Q

what are retrospective measures?

A

diary, day reconstruction method, breaking day into episodes

72
Q

what is Top-Down Theory?

A

bringing our tendencies toward positive interpretations to situations we encounter in life

73
Q

components of Top-down theory?

A

role of personality and cognitions, the “lens”
“Glass half full or half empty”
dispositional optimism

74
Q

what is Bottom-Up theory?

A

assessing demographics to create a summary of overall satisfaction

75
Q

components of Bottom-Up theory?

A

“elements” of life and how they combine to indicate wellbeing, hedonic research approach, money, income, wealth, onset depression, money doesn’t matter, men are generally happier

76
Q

components of optimism as an explanatory style?

A

personalization (internal vs external), pervasiveness (specific vs universal), permanence (temporary vs permanent)

77
Q

what do optimist think of negative events?

A

temporary, specific, external

78
Q

what do pessimist think of negative events?

A

permanent, pervasive, and personal

79
Q

ABCDE of learned optimism

A

describe the events, your beliefs, consequences, dispute, and energize

80
Q

what was originally thought regarding self-esteem?

A

low self esteem was like a virus and raising it would cure social and individual problems

81
Q

for teens high self esteem is associated with?

A

risky behavior

82
Q

components of self esteem

A

high competence, authentic, high worth, defensive, low competence, low worth, conditional

83
Q

Collective Self Esteem (CSE)

A

membership self esteem, private collective self-esteem, public collective self esteem, importance to identity

84
Q

what is self esteem itself?

A

approval of others, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, virtue, God’s Love

85
Q

Self Affirmations “money in the bank”

A

coping resources when life gets rough, absorbing blows to self esteem with minimal damage

86
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

self esteem and self relations; fulfill biological needs needs for connection, evolution

87
Q

what is self efficacy cognition?

A

you have the power to achieve desired effects based on your actions

88
Q

What is Bandura’s Social Cognition Theory?

A

observational learning, self efficacy (beliefs in ability to perform)

89
Q

components of self control cognition?

A

internal and external locus

90
Q

What are the Big Fie of subjective wellbeing?

A

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, opens to experience, agreeableness

91
Q

age and happiness

A

genetic temperament, frequency and intensity of emotions

92
Q

Aging and Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

A

time left in life and selection of goals, activities, regulation of emotions

93
Q

how are relationships built?

A

active listening, forgiveness, mindfulness, and how we spend our money

94
Q

Why does Lyubormirsky say happy and unhappy people live is different worlds?

A

post decision rationalism, self reflection (happy people don’t dwell), speed of adaptation to negative events, and intensity and frequency of positive emotions

95
Q

Components of Barbara Fredrickson’s Positivity

A

relaxation strategy, loving kindness, stop ruminating, focus attention on sensory sensations

96
Q

importance of leisure time?

A

deals with life satisfaction and well-being;
more time > money, bottom up predictor, mental and spiritual attitude, does not automatically increase well-being

97
Q

what is flow and optimal experience?

A

being completely and fully involved in the tasks at that current moment (action follows action), complete holistic sensation

98
Q

What are the eight parameters of flow?

A

merging action and awareness, completer concentration, sense of control, and loss of self consciousness

99
Q

what are the stages from micro flow to intense flow

A

paying attention, interested attention, absorbed attention, merging

100
Q

negative consequences of flow

A

reduced ability to monitor own behaviors or detect social cues; gaming addiction, risky behavior, killing in combat

101
Q

what is mindfulness?

A

conscious awareness, open and receptive attitude

102
Q

What is Mindful Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A

body scan, meditation, awareness of emotions, mindful eating, yoga, journaling, beginner’s mind

103
Q

Buddhist eight fold path?

A

right view (understanding), right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration

104
Q

Buddhist four noble truths?

A

truth of suffering, truth of cause of suffering, truth of the end of suffering, truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering

105
Q

what scale measure mindful attention and awareness?

A

Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS)

106
Q

The langer mindfulness scale (trait)

A

flexibility, novelty seeking, novelty producing, and engagement; created new ways of thinking about life

107
Q

what is buddhist definition of mindfulness?

A

awareness of ongoing experiences while creating a calm detachment from experience

108
Q

how does mindfulness increase wellbeing?

A

increases metacognition perspective, reduce intense reactivity to highly arousing and emotional stimuli, and enhance emotional processing

109
Q

what are qualities of mindfulness meditation?

A

non-judging, non striving, acceptance, patience, trust, active listening, and savoring

110
Q

what is the importance of savoring?

A

headers stress, time pressures, focus on outcomes

111
Q

What trait do men place more value on in relationships?

A

physical attractiveness

112
Q

What trait do women place more value on in relationships?

A

traits that signify resources (wealth, ambitiousness, character, and status)

113
Q

effects of marriage/long term committed relationships?

A

married people are happier and more satisfied with life, the quality of a marriage on well-bing is stronger for men, and improved health and longevity

114
Q

what are the benefits of marriage?

A

sense of belongingness (sociometer theory, self determination theory), social support

115
Q

what negative outcomes can the end of a marriage be linked to?

A

isolation, loneliness, higher rates of distress

116
Q

hedonic leveling of happy people in relationships?

A

happy people have less to gain and more to lose

117
Q

hedonic leveling of unhappy people in relationships?

A

unhappy people have more to gain and less to lose if widowed or divorced

118
Q

What are the two factors of The Two Factor Love Theory?

A

passionate love and companionate love

119
Q

what is passionate love

A

intense, exciting, and all consuming

120
Q

components of passionate love

A

preoccupation with partner, idealization, sexual attraction, concerns for the other’s problems, spending a lot of time together

121
Q

what is companion love?

A

more stable, calm, and dependable

122
Q

what is the love styles (love attitudes scale) scale?

A

the theory that love comes in six styles

123
Q

what are the six styles ofthe love styles (love attitudes scale) scale?

A

eros, lupus, storge, mania, pragma, agape

124
Q

eros love

A

passionate love

125
Q

lupus love

A

uncommitted love

126
Q

storge love

A

friendship love

127
Q

mania love

A

obsessive love

128
Q

pragma love

A

practical love

129
Q

agape love

A

selfless love

130
Q

how do women relate to the love styles (love attitudes scale) scale

A

passionate (eros) and altruistic (agape)

131
Q

Sternberg’s love triangle

A

passion, intimacy or liking, and commitment; triangle can be an size

132
Q

Sternberg’s love triangle: romantic love

A

intimate love and passionate love

133
Q

Sternberg’s love triangle: companionate love

A

intimate love and committed love

134
Q

Sternberg’s love triangle: fatuous love

A

passionate love and committed love

135
Q

what causes attraction to others romantically?

A

proximity, physical attractiveness, attitude similarity, and reciprocity

136
Q

what is mere repeated exposure effect?

A

greater number of exposure leads to greater like IF the first exposure was either neutral or positive

137
Q

relationship between attractive people and social skills?

A

attractive people possess greater social skills, association leads to social profit

138
Q

what is the similarity attraction hypothesis?

A

similar and dissimilar attitudes hold weight, social comparison and confirmation of beliefs is vital

139
Q

hyper masculinity

A

violence is manly, danger is exciting, callous attitudes towards women

140
Q

hyperfemininity

A

sexuality as a primary asset, success through men, accepts make aggression

141
Q

attitude similarity; balance theory

A

P- focal individual, O- object, X- other individual (balance, non balance, imbalance)

142
Q

stability/making a relationship last

A

friendship, expression of appreciation/gratitude, and association of positive affect with another

143
Q

five components of enhancing closeness, intimacy, caring, and commitment

A

knowing and being known (dispositional authenticity), attributions, acceptance and respect, reciprocity, and continuity

144
Q

social exchange theory?

A

individuals within couples are happier when the benefits are greater than the costs

145
Q

Comparison Level (CL)

A

based on past relationship experiences

146
Q

when CL is higher than CL-Alt

A

stay in relationship

147
Q

when CL is lower than CL-Alt

A

leave relationship

148
Q

relationships require

A

adaptability, flexibility, and ongoing desire to recommit

149
Q

demand-withdraw pattern

A

where one partner is demanding and the other withdraws/avoids; criticism and complaint leased to defensiveness and ending with withdrawal

150
Q

what makes a positive family?

A

warmth and respect, democratic decision making, emotional maturation and autonomy, and friendly and constructive relationships

151
Q

what is positive health?

A

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

152
Q

moderate intensity

A

The Talk Test (measures intensity); in a moderate activity you can talk but not sing

153
Q

The Talk Test for an exercise

A

vigouris activity, unable to talk

154
Q

self determination theory: work scale

A

competence (feeling like you can accomplish anything), autonomy, and relatedness

155
Q

ways of living to maximize potential

A

self-actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs

156
Q

fully function person (PERMA): authenticity scale

A

authentic living accepting external influences, self-alienation

157
Q

fully function person (PERMA): aspiration index

A

self acceptance, affiliations (relationships), community (bettering society), financial success, and organismic valuing process

Positive Psychology (2 decks)

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