Exam 2 (Chapter 4-7) Flashcards
What is the difference between Left and Right Brain Hemisphere?
Right Brain is the spatial ability, creativity, and music. Left Brain is the language and knowledge facts such as Math and Science. Beside of that, Left Brain controls the right hand and the Right Brain controls the left hand.
How does the Left and Right Brain communicate?
By using the Corpus Callosum.
Why did Cerebral Lateralization evolve?
Because of the Different Modes of Thinking, Left Brain is for analytically and the Right Brain is for synthesis such as logic and organizes.
Why do men and women process information differently in their Brain?
Men process language only on the Left Brain. Women process language through both side of the Brain. Also, women tend to have a larger Corpus Callosum that allows both hemisphere to communicate.
Where and what is Broca’s Aphasia?
Broca’s Aphasia is located in the Left Frontal Lobe. Broca’s Aphasia is a motor to produce language.
What happens if Broca’s Aphasia is damaged?
The patient will have a hard time producing words and articulating to words.
Where and what is Wernicke’s Aphasia?
Wernicke’s Aphasia is located posterior to Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe). Wernicke’s Aphasia is to understand Language.
What happens if Wernicke’s Aphasia is damaged?
The patient will have a hard time understanding language.
What happens to Split Brain patients?
They have the Corpus Callosum cut out.
Why do Split Brain patients have a hard time with visual?
If an object is on the Left Visual Field, then the patient will pick up the correct object with its Left Hand by using the Right Brain; however, cannot name it because the Right Brain does not contains Language on this side of the Brain. Controversy, if an object is on the Right Visual Field, then the patient could name the object by picking up the object with its Right Hand by using the Left Brain because the Left Brain contains Language.
What is sensation?
Sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment.
What is Perception?
Perception is the brain’s process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give its meaning.
What is Absolute Threshold?
Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulus energy that people can detect.
What is Difference Threshold?
Difference Threshold is the concept refers to the smallest difference in stimulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another 50 percent of the time.
How do our sensory systems work?
Carry information about the world to our brain where it is processed & analyzed.
What is a Reception?
Reception is absorption of physical energy (wavelengths).
What is Transduction?
Transduction is converting physical energy into electrical/ chemical neural pattern.
What is Retina?
Retina is the light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye that houses light receptors called rods and cones.
What are Rods?
Rods are the receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light but are not very useful in color vision.
What are Cones?
Cones are the receptors in the retina that process information about color.
Anatomy for Rods (Peripheral)
a. Not sensitive to detail
b. Sensitive to dim light and no color vision
c. 120 million Rods in our eye
d. Photopigment: (Rhodopsin)- light bleaches & Vitamin A produces
Anatomy for Cones (in center)
a. Sensitive to color and not to dim light
b. 6 million Cones in our eye
c. Photopigment: (Iodopsin)- energy to chemical message. It is good for daylight vision.
What is the human’s eye wavelength to see color?
400-700 nano-meter(nm)
What is Component Theory (Trichromatic)?
Component Theory is Colors cause the Cones to fire. And, Cones are sensitive to Red, Green, and Blue.
What is Opponent-Process Theory?
Opponent-Process Theory is Cones respond to either the Colors: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, White-Black, and explains the afterimages.
What is the main receptor in our ear?
It is Cochlea, a basilar membrane & hair cells.
What is the Absolute Threshold for Hearing?
Zero Decibel (dB).
What is Nerve Deafness?
Problems in the Inner Ear.
What is Conduction Deafness?
Damage to Hair Cells at an Old Age.
What is Place Theory?
Place Theory is different sound waves activate different places on the Basilar Membrane. Also, it explains high pitch and not Low pitch since the entire membrane is activated.
What is Frequency Theory?
Frequency Theory states that perception of a sound’s frequency is due to how often the auditory nerve fires,which carries neural impulses to the brain’s auditory areas.
What is the different between Frequency (Pitch) and Amplitude (Loudness)?
Frequency (Pitch) depends on the wavelength. For example, if the wavelength is long, then it has a low pitch and vice-versa for High Pitch. Amplitude (Loudness) depends on the amplitude. For example, high amplitude will have a loud sound and low amplitude will a soft sound.
What is our Skin Receptors?
Free Nerve Endings
What do our Free Nerve Ending have to do in our Skin?
It has to do with Touch such as warm, cold, and pressure pain.
What does Pain do in our body?
It mediated by Skin Receptors and Brain.
What neurotransmitters are important in pain?
Substance P & Endorphins
What is the Gate-Control Theory of Pain?
Experience of pain depends (in part) on whether the pain impulse gets past neurological “gate” in the spinal cord & thus reaches the brain.
What are the Receptors for our Taste?
Papillae or also known as Taste Buds.
What is the function of our Taste Buds and why it is important to Chemical Senses?
Our Taste Buds let’s adapt to the taste very quickly such as is it sour, bitter, sweet and etc. The reason our Taste Buds are important to Chemical Senses because without our Taste Buds, we cannot differentiate the taste of what we are consuming or cannot even tell what we are eating.
What is the Receptor for our Smell?
Olfactory Epithelium
What is the function of our Olfactory Epithelium and why it is important to Chemical Senses?
Our Olfactory Epithelium let’s adapt to recognize and identify odors. The reason our Olfactory Epithelium is important to Chemical Senses because without our Olfactory Epithelium, we cannot differentiate what we are smelling or cannot sense the smell at all.
What are Psychoactive Drugs?
Any drug that alters one’s state of consciousness such as Nicotine, Alcohol, and Caffeine.
What are the four Depressants of Central Nervous System (Slow Breathing)?
Alcohol, Valium, Opiates (Heroin), and sleeping pills (GBH).
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Alcohol?
Facilitates GABA and Dopamine
- GABA (Inhibitory)- Important in inhibiting neural activity
- Dopamine (Inhibitory)- Important to movement and Frontal Lobe.
What neurotransmitter is changed following the ingestion of Valium?
Increase GABA
*GABA (Inhibitory)- Important in inhibiting neural activity.
What neurotransmitter is changed following the ingestion of Opiate?
Acts like Endorphin in the Brain
*Endorphin (Inhibitory)- Regulate firing of pain neurons
What neurotransmitter is changed following the ingestion of sleeping pills?
Increase GABA
*GABA (Inhibitory)- Important in inhibiting neural activity.
What are the five Stimulants of Central Nervous System (Increases Arousal)?
Tobacco, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, and MDMA (ecstasy)
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Tobacco?
Facilitate Dopamine & Serotonin neurons
- Dopamine (Inhibitory)- Important to movement and Frontal Lobe.
- Serotonin (Inhibitory)- Regulates mood and food intake
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Cocaine?
Increases Serotonin & Dopamine
- Dopamine (Inhibitory)- Important to movement and Frontal Lobe.
- Serotonin (Inhibitory)- Regulates mood and food intake
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Amphetamines (Caffeine and Meth)?
Dopamine & Norepinephrine release
- Dopamine (Inhibitory)- Important to movement and Frontal Lobe.
- Norephinephrine (Excitatory)- Maintain alertness and wakefulness
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Ecstasy?
Releases serotonin in CNS
*Serotonin (Inhibitory)- Regulates mood and food intake
What are the two Hallucinogen of Central Nervous System?
LSD and Marijuana
What neurotransmitter is changed following the ingestion of LSD?
Serotonin agonist (acts on serotonin receptors)
*Serotonin (Inhibitory)- Regulates mood and food intake
What neurotransmitters are changed following the ingestion of Marijuana?
Mechanism of action- Dopamine
*Dopamine (Inhibitory)- Important to movement and Frontal Lobe.
What factors influence addiction?
Depend on the nature of drug, biological, psychological and social influences.
What is a Circadian Rhythm?
Changes in energy level, mood, & efficiency through the day.
What is control the Circadian Rhythm?
Controlled by the Hypothalamus.
What is the Recuperation Theory?
Recover & Restore homeostasis during sleep.
What is the Circadian Theory?
To Conserve Energy during sleep.
What is the Evolution Theory?
To Keep us safe & Development during sleep
What is the characteristics of Stage 1 sleep?
Light sleep that occurs just after dozing off, characterized by brain waves called theta waves.
What is the characteristics of Stage 2 sleep?
Typically follows stage 1 sleep, characterized by brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles as well as K-complex responses to stimuli such as noises.
What is the characteristics of Stage 3 sleep?
Typically follows stage 2 sleep, characterized by an EEG tracing 20 to 50% of which consists of delta waves—virtually no eye movements during stage 3 sleep
What is the characteristics of Stage 4 sleep?
Deepest level of sleep, characterized by an EEG tracing exceeding 50% delta waves and virtually no eye movements
*Children produce growth hormone primarily in stages 3 & 4
What happens when we are deprived of REM
- Poor memory & performance
- Increases stress hormone Cortisol
- Having more Dreams
What drugs prevent you going into REM sleep?
Alcohol, Valium & sleeping pills
What is Freud’s theory about sleep?
Dreams reflect the unconscious mind
- Manifest content: Events in the dream
- Latent Content: Unconscious Wishes
What is Crick’s theory about sleep?
Information Processing
-Erase unimportant information to free space
What is Hobinson’s theory about sleep?
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
-Random Neural Firing in the Pons.
Why is the Raphe Nucleus (medulla) important in sleep?
Contains serotonin neurons.
Why is the Pons-Geniculate-Occipital (PGO) important in sleep?
Waves controls REM sleep
Why is the Reticular Formation important in sleep?
Set of neural circuits extending from the lower brain up to the thalamus that plays a critical role in controlling arousal and alertness
-Primary transmitter is norepinephrine
Why does Jet Lag occurs?
Results from changing time zones too quickly for the circadian rhythms to change
What is Narcolepsy and the treatment for it?
- Involves brain abnormality
- Person may suddenly fall into REM sleep without warning
- Loss of muscle tone
- Treatment: Amphetamines
What is Sleep Apnea and the treatment for it?
- A dangerous condition where the person stops breathing while asleep
- Treatment: devices that keep airways open or surgery
What is Insomnia and treatment for it?
- Impairment in functioning due to inability to sleep
- One major cause is worry about having insomnia
- Treatment: Ambien or over the counter pills
What is Klein-Levin Syndrome?
- Sleep for Days
- When a wake, patient appears to be in a trancelike state
What is Fetal Familial Insomnia?
- A Prion Disease
- Makes you cannot sleep and hallucination.
- 50% of your children having it
