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Systems Pathology I > Exam 2 (Chapter 22: CNS) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapter 22: CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased axonal transport (spheroids), swelling of soma, displacement of Nissl bodies, and central chromatolysis are are possible signs of what type of injury?

A

Reversible Neuronal Injury

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2
Q

Type of injury that results from an acute hypoxic injury resulting in soma shrinkage, pyknosis, and red neurons all within 12-24 hours

A

Irreversible Neuronal Injury

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3
Q

T/F Cerebral edema, loss of nucleolus and nissl body are all found in reversible neuronal injury

A

FALSE.

All are examples of Irreversible neuronal injury

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4
Q

Pattern of neuronal injury in Astrocytes

A
  • CNS fibrosis
  • Injury causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia enlarging the nucleus and being eosinophilic
  • Causes glial filaments to sprout (
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5
Q

Patterns of neuronal injury in Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Produce myelin in CNS
  • Causes white matter damage and potential nuclear swelling
  • Enlarged nucleus present
  • May produce viral inclusions
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6
Q

Patterns of neuronal injury in Microglia

A
  • Resident phagocytes of the CNS
  • Cells proliferate and enlarge in response to injury, infection, etc. causing demyelination, infarctions, and hemorrhaging
  • Neurophagia = active microglia
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7
Q

Patterns of neuronal injury in Ependymal cells that line ventricles and the spinal cord

A
  • Prone to infections like CMV
  • Affected with irregularities of ventricular surface (possibly from viral inclusions)
  • May involve the choroid plexus (fxn: produces CSF)
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8
Q

Intracellular inclusion associated with Rabies

A

Negri body

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9
Q

Intracellular inclusion associated with CMV

A

Owls eye (aliens head)

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10
Q

Intracellular inclusion associated with Parkinson disease

A

Lewy body

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11
Q

Intracellular inclusions associated with Alzheimers disease

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

Beta-amyloid plaques

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12
Q

Protein that accumulates in any neurodegenerative diseases

A

Tau proteins

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13
Q

Edema resulting from a blood-brain-barrier disrupton causing increased permeability leading to extracellular edema

A

Vasogenic edema

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14
Q

Examples that cause localized and generalized vasogenic edema

A

Local- tumors, infarction, inflammation

General- Severe trauma

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15
Q

Edema caused by neuronal/glial membrane injury causing intracellular edema

A

Cytotoxic edema

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16
Q

Examples that cause Cytotoxic edema

A

Hypoxic-ischemic injury

Toxic exposure

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17
Q

Physical signs of cerebral edema (post-mortem)

A

Flattened gyri
Narrow sulci
Ventricular compression

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18
Q

Condition caused by an increase in CSF volume within the ventricles

A

Hydrocephalus

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19
Q

T/F Hydrocephalus is most likely caused by an overproduction of CSF (like a choroidoma) instead of a disturbance in flow or resorption

A

FALSE.

Disturbance in flow/ resorption is more likely to cause hydrocephalus

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20
Q

What affect would hydrocephalus have on someone < 2 years old? >2 years old?

A
  • < 2 years old = cranial enlargement

- >2 years old = increased ICP and ventricular enlargement

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21
Q

Intracellular inclusion caused by aging

A

Lipofuscin (lipid accumulation)

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22
Q

Treatment for hydrocephalus

A

Shunting

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23
Q

Compensatory hydrocephalus causing infarction and neurodegeneration

A

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

24
Q

Herniation of the brain across the dura or through the foramen magnum causing compression on neurons and vessels

A

Cerebrum shifts

25
Q

Displaced cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri causing abnormal posturing or a coma

A

Subfalcine (cingulate) brain herniation

26
Q

Displaced temporal love under the anterior tentorium causing cranial nerve involvement, hemiparesis, and brainstem compression

A

Transtentorial (uncinate) brain herniation

27
Q

Abnormal vision and a blown pupil are symtpoms of what type of brain herniation

A

Transtentorial (uncinate) brain hernation

-Involves compromise of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

28
Q

Displaced cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Can cause cardiorespiratory arrest, hydrocephalus, and headache

A

Tonsillar brain herniation

29
Q

T/F Transtentorial (uncinate) brain herniation is the most common type of brain herniation

A

FALSE.

Subfalcine (cingulate) brain herniation is the most common type

30
Q

When a brain herniation causes disruption of vessels that enter the pons, producing a flame shaped hemorrhage

A

Duret hemorrhage

31
Q

Malformations and types that cause herniation of the cerebellar tonsils

A

Arnold-Chiari malformations

  • Type I = MC, milder, present in adults
  • Type II = severe, present in infants
32
Q

Cerebrovascular disease causing no infarction and temporary neurological dysfunction that do not exist past 24 hours.

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA a.k.a. Mini-stroke)

33
Q

Cerebrovascular disease caused by an infarction that produces acute function. Results from either an occlusion or a rupture

A

Stroke

34
Q

Types of stroke

A

Thrombotic occlusion
Embolic occlusion
Vascular rupture (dissection)

35
Q

T/F The top 3 leading causes of mortality in the U.S. are: 1) Heart disease 2) Cancer 3) Stroke

A

True

36
Q

Ischemia/hypoxia causes what type of necrosis in the CNS?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

37
Q

A decrease in oxygen partial pressure or oxygen availability to the brain causes this type of hypoxia

A

Functional hypoxia

38
Q

A decrease in oxygen to the brain caused by a occlusion, TIA, or stroke

A

Ischemic hypoxia

39
Q

Widespread ischemic-hypoxic injury to the brain severe enough to cause widespread neuronal death leading cerebral edema,gliosis, and red neurons. Results in neurological impairment or coma.

A

Global cerebral ischemia

40
Q

Condition where a person has been unconscious for more than 6 hours

A

Comatose

41
Q

What can limit injury caused by cerebral ischemia?

A

Collateral circulation (from circle of Willis)

42
Q

What parts of the brain have minimal collateral circulation and are therefore more susceptible to damage from ischemia?

A

Deep brain structures

-Thalamus, basal ganglia, deep white matter

43
Q

T/F Emboli are more common to cause focal cerebral ischemia than thrombi

A

True

44
Q

What blood vessels are emboli and thrombi more likely to originate from in focal cerebral ischemia?

A

Emboli- carotid artery or middle meningeal artery

Thrombi- carotid artery, aortic arch, middle cerebral artery

45
Q

Spontaneous hemorrhage of small intraparenchymal vessels causing a cerebral microbleed that can range from clinically silent to lethal. Most commonly caused by hypertension in people over the age of 60.

A

Primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage

46
Q

Accumulation of blood in the suparachnoid space. Most commonly results from a rupture of a berry aneurysm originating from a defect in the tunica media of the vessel.

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

47
Q

Your patient comes into your office complaining of the worst headache they have ever had. Their history shows no history of headaches. What life threatening condition should you always rule out first?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

48
Q

Condition caused by a tangle of arteries or veins with at least 1 fistula present. Most common in males (2x) 10-30 years old and increases a persons risk of developing seizures or hemorrhaging

A

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

49
Q

Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease caused by a single artery occlusion.

A

Lacunar infact

50
Q

Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease caused by a ruptured small cerebral vessel that hemorrhages, it resorbed, and leaves a slit-like cavity

A

Slit hemorrhage

51
Q

Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease that causes global cerebral dysfunction. Biastolic BP > 130 causing increased intercranial pressure, headache, confusion, coma, vomiting, and convulsions

A

Acute hypertensive encephalopathy

52
Q

Vessel wall inflammation

A

Vasculitis

53
Q

Systemic autoimmune vasculitis causing fibrinoid necrosis in the small cerebral arteries and heart

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

54
Q

Condition causes chronic inflammation in multiple parenchymal and subarachnoid vessels. Idiopathic, but more common in males and is associated with diffuse encephalopathy (like decreased cognition)

A

Primary Angiitis of the CNS

55
Q

T/F There is no sexual preference for male or females to develop CNS trauma

A

FALSE

Males are 2x as likely as females to have CNS trauma

Systems Pathology I (1 decks)

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