Exam 2 - Chapter 14 Flashcards
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Over half of white blood cells. They engulf and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis. Their granules stain poorly. Found mostly in the blood, not tissues
Basophils
Involved with allergic reactions and inflammation. Stain dark blue
Eosinophils
Remove parasitic worms and involved with symptoms of allergies. Stain red
Mast Cells
Like Basophils but are found in tissues, not blood
Surface Receptors
Proteins that float on the cytoplasm, therefore in contact with the inside and outside of the cell. The molecules that bind to them allow them to transmit information. Induces changes such as chemotaxis
Ligands
The molecules that bind to surface receptors
Cytokines
Produced by one cell and diffuses to another, binding to the cytokine receptor. Induces changes such as growth or death
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR’s)
Detect an invasion from foreign materials and produce cytokines to signal other cells
Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMP’s)
The microbes that PRR’s detect
Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP’s)
Microbes that indicate host cell damage
Cytoplasmic PRR’s
RIG-like Receptors (RLR’s) and NOD-like Receptors (NLR’s)
RIG-like Receptors (RLR’s)
Cytoplasmic proteins that detect viral RNA
Toll-like Receptors (TLR’s)
PRR’s found on the cell surface, and in phagosomes and endosomes. Recognize distinct compounds associated with microbes
NOD-like Receptors (NLR’s)
Cytoplasmic proteins that detect compounds or cell damage. During invasion, they combine with other proteins to make an inflammasome, which causes inflammation
Interferon (IFN)
A compound that causes nearby cells to enter an antiviral state to protect themselves from viral infection
iAVP
Inactive Antiviral Proteins. When an interferon binds to another cell, the cell makes these inactive enzymes or iAVP’s. These enzymes are activated from dsRNA from viruses, and commit suicide for the cell by degrading mRNA, and therefore stopping protein synthesis, so infection doesn’t spread
Complement System
Inactive proteins that circulate the blood and tissues. They become activated from invasion, and have specialized functions to stop infection. The complement system is caused by a complex C3 convertase, and has 3 pathways
Alternative Pathway
C3b binds to foreign cells, signaling its protein “friends” to also come bind, forming C3 convertase
Lectin Pathway
Mannose Binding Lectins (MBL’s) bind to mannose, a carb on invaders, to form C3 convertase
Classical Pathway
When antibodies bind to antigens, the complement system forms the C3 convertase
Immune Complex
Antibody-antigen complex
Opsonization (Complement System)
Happens with the alternative pathway. Being opsonized means to be prepared for eating. So basically, molecules bind to the invader, and signal phagocytes to eat it. Phagocytes have an easier time eating things when it can bind to these opsonins
Inflammatory Response (Complement System)
C5a causes endothelial cells to become less permeable, to let invaders out. It also causes mast cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, And it attracts phagocytes to come eat the invaders
