Exam 2 - Chapter 14

Question 1

Granulocytes

Answer 1

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

Question 2

Neutrophils

Answer 2

Over half of white blood cells. They engulf and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis. Their granules stain poorly. Found mostly in the blood, not tissues

Question 3

Basophils

Answer 3

Involved with allergic reactions and inflammation. Stain dark blue

Question 4

Eosinophils

Answer 4

Remove parasitic worms and involved with symptoms of allergies. Stain red

Question 5

Mast Cells

Answer 5

Like Basophils but are found in tissues, not blood

Question 6

Surface Receptors

Answer 6

Proteins that float on the cytoplasm, therefore in contact with the inside and outside of the cell. The molecules that bind to them allow them to transmit information. Induces changes such as chemotaxis

Question 7

Ligands

Answer 7

The molecules that bind to surface receptors

Question 8

Cytokines

Answer 8

Produced by one cell and diffuses to another, binding to the cytokine receptor. Induces changes such as growth or death

Question 9

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR’s)

Answer 9

Detect an invasion from foreign materials and produce cytokines to signal other cells

Question 10

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMP’s)

Answer 10

The microbes that PRR’s detect

Question 11

Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP’s)

Answer 11

Microbes that indicate host cell damage

Question 12

Cytoplasmic PRR’s

Answer 12

RIG-like Receptors (RLR’s) and NOD-like Receptors (NLR’s)

Question 13

RIG-like Receptors (RLR’s)

Answer 13

Cytoplasmic proteins that detect viral RNA

Question 14

Toll-like Receptors (TLR’s)

Answer 14

PRR’s found on the cell surface, and in phagosomes and endosomes. Recognize distinct compounds associated with microbes

Question 15

NOD-like Receptors (NLR’s)

Answer 15

Cytoplasmic proteins that detect compounds or cell damage. During invasion, they combine with other proteins to make an inflammasome, which causes inflammation

Question 16

Interferon (IFN)

Answer 16

A compound that causes nearby cells to enter an antiviral state to protect themselves from viral infection

Question 17

iAVP

Answer 17

Inactive Antiviral Proteins. When an interferon binds to another cell, the cell makes these inactive enzymes or iAVP’s. These enzymes are activated from dsRNA from viruses, and commit suicide for the cell by degrading mRNA, and therefore stopping protein synthesis, so infection doesn’t spread

Question 18

Complement System

Answer 18

Inactive proteins that circulate the blood and tissues. They become activated from invasion, and have specialized functions to stop infection. The complement system is caused by a complex C3 convertase, and has 3 pathways

Question 19

Alternative Pathway

Answer 19

C3b binds to foreign cells, signaling its protein “friends” to also come bind, forming C3 convertase

Question 20

Lectin Pathway

Answer 20

Mannose Binding Lectins (MBL’s) bind to mannose, a carb on invaders, to form C3 convertase

Question 21

Classical Pathway

Answer 21

When antibodies bind to antigens, the complement system forms the C3 convertase

Question 22

Immune Complex

Answer 22

Antibody-antigen complex

Question 23

Opsonization (Complement System)

Answer 23

Happens with the alternative pathway. Being opsonized means to be prepared for eating. So basically, molecules bind to the invader, and signal phagocytes to eat it. Phagocytes have an easier time eating things when it can bind to these opsonins

Question 24

Inflammatory Response (Complement System)

Answer 24

C5a causes endothelial cells to become less permeable, to let invaders out. It also causes mast cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, And it attracts phagocytes to come eat the invaders

Question 25

Lysis of Foreign Cells (Complement System)

Answer 25

C5b-C9 join together in a “doughnut” called Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC’s) in the membrane to form an opening. This causes the cell to die. They work better for Gram negative bacteria, not Gram positive. Because Gram positive bacteria membranes are too thick for it

Question 26

Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC’s)

Answer 26

The doughnut arrangement of C5b-C9

Question 27

Chemotaxis

Answer 27

Phagocytes are recruited by chemoattractants. These are microorganisms, phospholipids, chemokines, and C5a

Question 28

Engulfment

Answer 28

It attaches to the particle, wraps its pseudopods around it, and engulfs it in a phagosome

Question 29

Interleukins (ILs)

Answer 29

Produced by leukocytes; important in innate and adaptive immunity

Question 30

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Answer 30

Inflammation, apoptosis

Question 31

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Answer 31

Multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

Question 32

Phagosome Maturation and Phagolysosome Formation

Answer 32

Endosomes fuse, lower pH; lysosomes bring enzymes

Question 33

Destruction and Digestion

Answer 33

Toxic ROS and nitric oxide produced; pH decreases; enzymes degrade; defensins damage membrane of invader; lactoferrin ties up iron

Question 34

Exocytosis

Answer 34

Vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic membrane, expels remains

Question 35

Endogenous Pyrogens

Answer 35

Cytokines produced by macrophages following detection of microbial products by TLRs

Question 36

Exogenous Pyrogens

Answer 36

Produced by microbes