Exam 2: Ch.4 - 7 Flashcards
What are some benefits of bilingual exposure in infancy?
✔ Encourages cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.
What are fine motor skills? Provide examples.
✔ Small muscle movements (e.g., grasping objects, picking up small items).
What are some cultural influences on temperament?
✔ Different cultures value different traits (e.g., independence vs. collectivism).
What are Braxton Hicks contractions, and how do they differ from real contractions?
Practice contractions that do not lead to labor.
✔ Differences:
- Braxton Hicks: Irregular, mild, stop with movement/hydration, do not cause dilation.
- Real contractions: Regular, strong, continue despite movement, cause cervical dilation.
What is self-awareness, and how is it tested?
✔ Recognizing oneself as separate from others; tested using the Rouge Test (mirror test).
What is joint attention, and why is it important?
✔ Shared focus between child and caregiver, crucial for language and social development.
What is the neonatal period, and what is a neonate?
✔ Neonatal period: The first four weeks of life.
✔ Neonate: A newborn baby.
What is the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
✔ A standardized test measuring cognitive, motor, and language skills (ages 1 month - 42 months).
What are the four major reflexes in newborns?
✔ Rooting, sucking, Moro (startle), grasping.
What is the role of sleep in infant development?
✔ Essential for brain growth, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.
What is guided participation in learning?
✔ Learning with the assistance of a more knowledgeable person (e.g., caregiver, teacher).
What is symbolic play?
✔ Pretend play using objects to represent something else (e.g., a block as a phone).
What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
✔ A stage-based theory describing key social and emotional conflicts throughout life.
What is infantile amnesia?
✔ The inability to remember events from early childhood, usually before age 3.
What is object permanence?
✔ Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight (develops ~8 months).
What is receptive vocabulary vs. expressive vocabulary?
✔ Receptive: Words an infant understands.
✔ Expressive: Words an infant can say.
Who is a doula, and what are their benefits?
A trained professional providing physical, emotional, and informational support before, during, and after childbirth.
✔ Benefits: Shorter labor, lower c-section rates, less need for pain medication, and higher birth satisfaction.
What is disorganized attachment associated with?
✔ Inconsistent caregiver behavior, often linked to trauma or neglect.
What is the proximodistal principle?
✔ Growth occurs from the center of the body outward; infants develop control of their torso before fingers.
What are mirror self-recognition tests?
✔ Tests (like the Rouge Test) used to assess self-awareness in infants.
What are the early signs of labor?
✔ Nesting (burst of energy), lightening (baby drops), passing of mucus plug, water breaking.
What is mutual regulation?
✔ The process where infants and caregivers respond to each other’s emotional cues.
What is the cephalocaudal principle?
✔ Growth occurs from head to toe; infants gain control over head movements before leg movements.
What is temperament?
✔ A child’s characteristic way of reacting to stimuli, influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).
What is a sensitive period in development?
✔ A time when the brain is particularly receptive to learning new skills.
What is telegraphic speech?
✔ Two-word phrases with essential words (e.g., ‘Want cookie’), appears ~18-24 months.
When should someone go to the hospital?
✔ Follow the 5-1-1 Rule (Contractions every 5 minutes, lasting 1 minute, for 1 hour).
What are benefits of breastfeeding for the lactating parent?
✔ Helps uterus return to pre-pregnancy size, lowers risk of breast/ovarian cancer, may assist in postpartum weight loss.
What is the still-face paradigm?
✔ An experiment where a caregiver maintains a blank expression; infants become distressed trying to regain engagement.
What are the four attachment styles?
✔ Secure, Avoidant, Resistant/Ambivalent, Disorganized.
What is attachment security, and what factors influence it?
✔ The level of trust a child has in their caregiver.
✔ Influenced by caregiver responsiveness, consistency, and sensitivity.
What is social learning theory?
✔ The idea that children learn through observation and imitation of others.
What is emotion regulation?
✔ The ability to control emotional responses to stimuli.
What are the three stages of childbirth?
✔ First Stage (Longest)
- Early Labor: 0-3 cm, mild contractions.
- Active Labor: 4-7 cm, stronger contractions.
- Transition: 8-10 cm, intense contractions.
✔ Second Stage: Baby is delivered.
✔ Third Stage: Placenta is delivered.
What is the naming explosion, and when does it occur?
✔ Rapid vocabulary growth occurring around 18 months.
What is experience-expectant brain development?
✔ Brain development that occurs in response to universal experiences (e.g., exposure to language).
What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory?
✔ Birth to ~2 years; infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
What is neglectful parenting?
✔ Low warmth and low expectations, leading to poor child outcomes.
What is the difference between egocentric speech and private speech?
✔ Egocentric speech: Talking without regard for others.
✔ Private speech: Self-directed speech used to guide behavior.
What is the social-interactionist theory of language development?
✔ Language develops through social interactions with caregivers and peers.
What is separation distress?
✔ Anxiety or distress when separated from a caregiver.
What is social referencing?
✔ Infants look to caregivers for emotional guidance in uncertain situations.
What is child-directed speech?
✔ Simplified, high-pitched speech used with infants (e.g., ‘Look at the doggy!’).
What is the significance of early childhood interventions?
✔ Improves cognitive, social, and emotional development, especially for at-risk children.
What is reciprocal socialization?
✔ A process where children and caregivers influence each other’s behaviors and emotions.
What are self-regulation skills?
✔ Abilities that allow a child to control their emotions, attention, and behavior.
What is the difference between reactive and proactive aggression?
✔ Reactive: Impulsive, in response to a perceived threat.
✔ Proactive: Planned, goal-directed aggression.
What is synaptic pruning?
✔ The elimination of weaker or unused neural connections to improve brain efficiency.
What is low birth weight (LBW) vs. small for gestational age (SGA)?
✔ LBW: Baby weighs <5.5 lbs at birth.
✔ SGA: Baby is smaller than expected for its gestational age.
What is the difference between shame and guilt?
✔ Guilt: Feeling bad about an action.
✔ Shame: Feeling bad about oneself.
What is Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage?
✔ Birth to 18 months; infants develop trust in caregivers or mistrust due to inconsistent care.
What is scaffolding in cognitive development?
✔ Providing structured support to help children learn new skills.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
✔ Implicit: Unconscious memory (e.g., skills, habits).
✔ Explicit: Conscious recall (e.g., facts, events).
How does stress impact early brain development?
✔ Chronic stress can hinder brain growth and emotional regulation.
What is the difference between expressive and instrumental aggression?
✔ Expressive: Used to express frustration.
✔ Instrumental: Used to achieve a goal.
What is temperament, and what factors influence it?
✔ A child’s natural disposition influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).
What is Noam Chomsky’s Nativism theory?
✔ Infants have an innate ability to learn language (Language Acquisition Device - LAD).
What is prosocial behavior?
✔ Positive actions intended to benefit others (e.g., sharing, helping).
What are causes of prematurity and low birth weight?
✔ Poor maternal nutrition, smoking, alcohol/drug use, maternal infections, high blood pressure.
What is attachment, and what are the four attachment styles?
✔ A strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver.
✔ Types: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant/Ambivalent, Disorganized.
What is attachment theory?
✔ A psychological theory describing the bond between infants and caregivers.
What is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting?
✔ Authoritarian: Strict, high expectations, low warmth.
✔ Authoritative: Balanced, high expectations, high warmth.
What is fast mapping?
✔ The rapid learning of new words with minimal exposure.
What is code-switching?
✔ Switching between languages based on context (e.g., speaking English at school, Spanish at home).
Describe the Strange Situation experiment.
✔ A structured observational test by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment style.
What is theory of mind?
✔ Understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and emotions different from one’s own.
What is the recommended infant nutrition for the first year?
✔ Exclusive breastmilk/formula for the first 6 months, then introduce solids while continuing breastfeeding until at least 12 months.
What is brain plasticity?
✔ The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize, especially high during infancy.
What is electronic fetal monitoring?
A device that tracks the baby’s heart rate and contractions during labor.
✔ External: Sensors on the abdomen.
✔ Internal: Electrodes inside the uterus for precise readings.
What is scaffolding in language development?
✔ When caregivers provide temporary support to help a child learn new skills.
What are mirror neurons?
✔ Neurons that fire both when performing an action and when observing someone else perform the same action.
What is overimitation?
✔ The tendency of children to imitate unnecessary or irrelevant actions.
What is the role of play in cognitive and social development?
✔ Supports problem-solving, creativity, social skills, and emotional regulation.
What is the purpose of oxytocin (brand name Pitocin)?
✔ Stimulates uterine contractions to induce or speed up labor.
What is parentese?
✔ A special way of speaking to infants with exaggerated tones and simplified speech.
What are benefits of breastfeeding for the baby?
✔ Strengthens immune system, reduces infection risk, supports cognitive development.
What is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?
✔ Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli.
✔ Dishabituation: Renewed interest in a new stimulus.
What is myelination?
✔ The process of coating neurons with myelin, which speeds up neural transmission.
What is permissive parenting?
✔ High warmth but few rules or expectations.
What is kangaroo care and its benefits?
✔ Skin-to-skin contact to regulate heartbeat, breathing, and temperature.
What is joint engagement in social learning?
✔ When a child and caregiver share focus on an object or activity.
What is experience-dependent brain development?
✔ Brain development that depends on individual experiences.
What are primary vs. self-conscious emotions?
✔ Primary: Innate emotions (joy, sadness, fear).
✔ Self-conscious: Require self-awareness (guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride).
What is Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?
✔ 18 months to 3 years; children develop independence or feel doubt/shame due to over-controlling caregivers.
What is the difference between overextension and underextension?
✔ Overextension: Using a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals ‘dog’).
✔ Underextension: Using a word too narrowly (e.g., calling only their pet ‘dog’).
What is neonatal jaundice?
✔ A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood.
✔ Common treatment: Phototherapy (light exposure).
What are the long-term effects of early attachment on relationships?
✔ Secure attachment leads to healthier relationships and emotional stability.
What is effortful control?
✔ The ability to regulate emotions and behaviors through conscious effort.
What is the APGAR scale, and what do the scores mean?
✔ A quick assessment of newborn health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
✔ Score 7-10 = Healthy, 4-6 = Needs attention, 0-3 = Emergency.
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and its risk factors?
✔ Unexplained death of an infant under 1 year during sleep.
✔ Risks: Sleeping on stomach, overheating, smoking exposure, soft bedding.
What are the stages of language development?
✔ Cooing → Babbling → One-word (holophrase) → Two-word (telegraphic speech) → Sentences.
What is the role of parental responsiveness in infant development?
✔ Promotes secure attachment, emotional regulation, and cognitive growth.
What are the effects of maternal depression on infant development?
✔ Can lead to emotional and cognitive difficulties, insecure attachment.
What are gross motor skills? Provide examples.
✔ Large muscle movements (e.g., crawling, walking, jumping).
What are the three types of temperament?
✔ Easy: Adaptable, generally happy, regular routines.
✔ Slow-to-warm: Hesitant in new situations, adjusts gradually.
✔ Difficult: Intense reactions, irregular routines, harder to soothe.
What is a cesarean section (c-section), and why would someone need one?
✔ A surgical procedure where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen and uterus.
✔ Reasons: Breech position, fetal distress, prolonged labor, or failure to progress.
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory?
✔ Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing schemas.
✔ Accommodation: Changing schemas to fit new information.
What is an epidural?
✔ A regional anesthesia injected into the spine to numb pain below the waist.
What is deferred imitation?
✔ The ability to remember and imitate actions after a delay.
What is anoxia?
✔ Lack of oxygen at birth, which can cause brain damage or cerebral palsy.
What is the difference between effacement and dilation?
✔ Effacement: Thinning/shortening of the cervix (%).
✔ Dilation: Opening of the cervix (cm).
What is overregularization in language development?
✔ Incorrect application of grammatical rules (e.g., ‘goed’ instead of ‘went’).
What is the role of oxytocin in attachment?
✔ A hormone linked to bonding and social connection.
What are the risks of a c-section?
✔ Longer recovery time, increased risk of infection, blood clots, and complications in future pregnancies.
What is early intervention, and why is it important?
✔ Programs that support at-risk children, improving cognitive and social outcomes.
What is the difference between fine and gross motor development?
✔ Fine: Small muscle control (e.g., grasping, drawing).
✔ Gross: Large muscle control (e.g., walking, running).
What is guided participation?
✔ Learning through structured interactions with more skilled individuals (e.g., a parent helping with a puzzle).
What is the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?
✔ An assessment measuring parental responsiveness and the quality of a child’s home environment.
What is goodness of fit in temperament?
✔ How well a child’s temperament matches their environment and caregivers.
What are the effects of high-quality child care on development?
✔ Supports cognitive, language, and social skills.
What is the visual cliff experiment?
✔ A study on depth perception; most infants hesitate to crawl over a perceived drop.
