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Geography > Exam 2 (Ch. 6-10) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 6-10) Flashcards

1
Q

When water infiltrates into the ground, moves to water table, and flows with groundwater to stream

A

Groundwater flow

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2
Q

Area drained by a single stream or river

A

Drainage basin

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3
Q

Smaller streams that contribute to larger streams

A

Tributaries

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4
Q

Large stream that tributaries flow into

A

Trunk stream

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5
Q

Slope of the land over which the river flows, and levels off as the river approaches its base

A

Gradient

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6
Q

Steeper-sided and deep valley profile near headwaters, with a wide floodplain usually present near base level

A

Cross-sectional profile

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7
Q

When rivers transport materials along water

A

Load

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8
Q

Total load: materials that roll, slide, and bounce.

A

Bed load

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9
Q

Total load: silt and clay particles carried.

A

Suspended load

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10
Q

Total load: materials carried as chemical solution.

A

Dissolved load

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11
Q

Volume of water passing a given point over a period of time

A

Discharge

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12
Q

A stream’s discharge ________ downstream.

A

Increases

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13
Q

Key process in the Earth system changes in area lead to changes in velocity

A

Erosion

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14
Q

Water will carry more sediment when it has a higher:

A

Velocity

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15
Q

Water will have a greater erosive power if there is a ________ velocity and ________ sediment.

A

Higher; more

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16
Q

Greater erosion results in a ________, ________ channel.

A

Deeper; wider

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17
Q

When discharge increases, what can a river do to accommodate extra water?

A

Raise velocity (go faster), erode downward (increase channel depth), or erode laterally (increase width)

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18
Q

If an increase in discharge happens too quickly, it produces a:

A

Flood

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19
Q

Meandering pattern: curving channel bends.

A

Meanders

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20
Q

Meandering pattern: velocity increases on the outside of curves causing erosion.

A

Cutbank

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21
Q

Meandering pattern: rivers slow on inside of curves, causing deposition.

A

Point bar

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22
Q

Meandering pattern: when streams shift position.

A

Avulsion

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23
Q

Zones: generally in upper parts, where there is steeper topography and more precipitation.

A

Zone 1: Zone of Production

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24
Q

Zones: broad valley and floodplain, sediment frequently deposited in river balls or on the floodplain, braided or meandering or combination of both.

A

Zone 2: Zone of Transport

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25
Q

Zones: alluvial fan, lake, delta (most common).

A

Zone 3: Zone of Deposition

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26
Q

Why do people live on floodplains?

A

Great for soil, good transportation, flat, and easy to build on

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27
Q

Do levees and floodwalls protect from flooding?

A

No, gives false sense of security.

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28
Q

What are two ways that levees fail?

A
  1. Overtopping (floodwater raises so high it flows over the top)
  2. Breaching (water breaks through weak point)
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29
Q

Thin out levee when rising flood hits it

A

Wave attack

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30
Q

When the force of flooding causes the levee to break and slump

A

Slumping

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31
Q

Water finds a weak spot, seeps through, causes failing and slumping

A

Piping

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32
Q

When water is pushed through a naturally permeable layer, popping out on the other side

A

Underseepage

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33
Q

Stream discharge when water overflows the channel banks

A

Flood discharge

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34
Q

Height of water in the river

A

Stage

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35
Q

Graph of stream discharge or water depth over time

A

Hydrograph

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36
Q

When water flows over surface downhill and into streams

A

Surface runoff

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37
Q

The time that elapses between when a rainfall event occurs and when the flooding occurs on the stream

A

Lag time

38
Q

Surface water can be increased by:

A

Frozen ground, saturated ground, urbanization, or deforestation/intensive agriculture

39
Q

Average time between flood events of a certain size

A

Recurrence interval

40
Q

Statistical estimation of the likelihood that a certain discharge will be equaled or exceeded in any given year

A

Probability

41
Q

Could there be a flood next year in Bowling Green?

A

Yes, but with probability of 1/100 every year.

42
Q

What are the primary effects of floods? Secondary?

A

Injury, loss of life, damage, erosion, or redeposition

Short-term contamination, pollution of rivers, displacement

43
Q

Straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or lining existing stream channels

A

Channelization

44
Q

What are the 3 types of landslides/mass wasting?

A
  1. Falling (free falling of earth material)
  2. Sliding (movement of material as a coherent block)
  3. Flow (movement of unconsolidated matter)
45
Q

The steepest slope that unconsolidated material can hold without collapse, often 30o

A

Angle of repose

46
Q

Behave like fluids , all sizes of material, wet to dry, barely moving to >200mph

A

Flow

47
Q

Very fine-grained sediment, can absorb lots of water, tend to align parallel sheets

A

Clay

48
Q

Slowest, most widespread from of slope failure, swelling and shrinking of soil

A

Creep

49
Q

Concrete or wire-filled baskets (walls)

A

Retaining walls

50
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Physical and chemical

51
Q

Describe physical weathering.

A

Breaking into smaller pieces

52
Q

Describe chemical weathering.

A

Change chemistry of rocks

53
Q

Solid earth material that has been altered such that it can support rooted plant life; product of weathering

A

Soil

54
Q

Created from vertical and horizontal movements, distinct layers

A

Soil profile

55
Q

Soil profile: organic material layer.

A

O layer

56
Q

Soil profile: mineral and organic materials, leaching occurs.

A

A layer

57
Q

Soil profile: minerals, leaching occurs, “zone of leaching.”

A

E layer

58
Q

Soil profile: enriched in clay, iron oxides, “zone of accumulation.”

A

B layer

59
Q

Soil profile: partially altered (weathered) parent material.

A

C layer

60
Q

Soil profile: unweathered parent material.

A

R layer

61
Q

Define the colors of each layer of soil profiling.

A

O and A: dark (organic material)
E: white (leaching)
B: yellow-brown to red-brown

62
Q

Ground failure characterized by sinking or vertical deformation of land.

A

Subsidence

63
Q

Rocks are dissolved and groundwater level drops, leaving behind ________, or ________.

A

Caverns; sinkholes

64
Q

Sinkholes: acidic groundwater becomes concentrated in holes in joints and fractures in the rock.

A

Solutional sinkholes

65
Q

Sinkholes: develop by the collapse of material into an underground cavern.

A

Collapse sinkholes

66
Q

Karst topography: large, steep, limestone “towers,” created in highly eroded karst regions.

A

Tower Karst

67
Q

Karst topography: streams flow directly into the groundwater solution.

A

Disappearing streams

68
Q

Karst topography: where groundwater naturally discharges at the surface.

A

Springs

69
Q

Sediment compacts when water is removed, common on river deltas, natural flooding replenishes sediment, thwarting collapse

A

Fine sediment

70
Q

Dust deposits, loess, and stream deposits in arid regions are bound with clay or water soluble materials

A

Collapsible soils

71
Q

Wetland soils contain large amounts of organic matter and water, when water is drained or soil is decomposed, soils collapse

A

Organic soils

72
Q

Extracting groundwater in greater volumes than it is replenished through rain and surface water

A

Groundwater mining

73
Q

If California needs rain so badly, then why are farmers still worried about flooding?

A

Levees subsiding (lowering), so more water can get it.

74
Q

Why is the radon risk ignored?

A

Radon is invisible, colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, lung cancer does not occur in children, hard to link to death, long latency, lack of press, no sensory reminders.

75
Q

What is radon?

A

Gas, naturally occurring, enters buildings from soil beneath, invisible and odorless.

76
Q

How does radon enter the home?

A
  1. Cracks in solid floors
  2. Construction joints
  3. Cracks in walls
  4. Gaps in suspended floors
  5. Gaps around service pipes
  6. Cavities inside walls
  7. The water supply
77
Q

At what level of pCi/L should you get your home fixed?

A

4 or more pCi/L

78
Q

Where is asbestos found?

A

Product of metamorphism with unaxial tension strain.

79
Q

Lungs become hard, scarred, inflamed (trouble breathing)

A

Asbestosis

80
Q

Rare cancer affecting lining of lungs

A

Mesothelioma

81
Q

Difficult to tie asbestiform minerals

A

Lung cancer

82
Q

What is the “One Fiber” theory?

A

One fiber is sufficient to cause an asbestos-related disease.

83
Q

Found between Mars and Jupiter, rock (stony), metal (iron), or combinations

A

Asteroids

84
Q

Broken up asteroids

A

Meteoroids

85
Q

Meteoroids that burn up in Earth’s atmosphere, create “shooting star”

A

Meteors

86
Q

Have glowing tails

A

Comets

87
Q

What’s the difference between simple and complex craters?

A

Simple craters: small 4miles in diameter, rim collapses more completely, center uplifts following impact

88
Q

Based on belief in a “young Earth” incorrectly though that all processes on Earth were rapid, catastrophic in nature

A

Catastrophism

89
Q

Present geological processes, Earth older than 6,000 years. Present = “key to past.” Understanding of plate tectonics formed. “Punctuated equilibrium.”

A

Uniformitarianism

90
Q

Sudden loss of large numbers of plants and animals relative to number of new species added, defines boundary of geological periods or epochs, usually involve rapid climate change

A

Mass Extinctions

91
Q

Where did the mass extinctions of the dinosaurs occur?

A

At the K-T boundary (K - Cretaceous, Pg - Paleogene)

92
Q

How do we monitor space for nearby threatening objects?

A

NEAT project (Near-Earth Tracking)

Geography (2 decks)

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