Exam 2 (Ch 4-6 w/ some of 7 and 9) Flashcards
1
Q
Altricial
A
Children that cannot care for itself at birth
Primates are altricial
Example: human baby
2
Q
Analogous Traits
A
Similarity of trait or structure is based on function, NOT common descent
Comes from homoplasy
Example: Birds/bats wings
3
Q
Anthropoid
A
Monkeys 70% of all living primate species More encephalized Diurnal Reduced Snout and olfaction Post-orbital plate, fused mandible Greater degree of color vision Long gestation and maturation
4
Q
Arboreal Hypothesis
A
How primates evolved as they did
They took to the trees
Correct primate adaptation
5
Q
Ancestral Traits
A
Inherited from predecessor in the same form.
Example: Human Dental Formula
6
Q
Brachiation
A
Hand over hand swinging
7
Q
Callitrichidae
A
Common Marmoset Exudativore / Insectivore / Frugivore Polyandrous Claws (not nails) that were re-evolved Annual twinning
8
Q
Clade
A
Group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
9
Q
Cladistics
A
Division based on presence weighted characteristics
A part of organizing evolution
10
Q
Colobinae
A
Banquet Eaters Black and White Colobus: Foliovore- leaves Social group- Polygynous White at birth
11
Q
Dental Formula
A
Highly diagnostic
Old world monkey’s / apes / humans: 2.1.2.3.
New world monkey’s: 2.1.3.3.
12
Q
Derived Trait
A
Inherited from the predecessor in an altered state
Example: Human foot
13
Q
Catarrhini
A
Old World Monkeys:
Narrow downward facing nostrils
2.1.2.3. Dentition
Two subfamilies: cercopithecines and colobines
14
Q
Cercopithecinae
A
Pouch-eaters
Long-Tailed Macaque:
Social unit- 6-60 all sexes and ages (when in temples there are more groups and more in each group)
Ischial Callosites- fleshy ass pads that are calloused
Matrilocal- females stay where they are born
15
Q
Encephalization
A
Brain size to body size
Bigger than we would expect it to be for primates
16
Q
Eutherian / Vivaparous
A
(placental) Live birth
17
Q
Generalized Traits
A
Useful in multiple environments
Example: monkey’s paws and human’s hands
18
Q
Gradualism
A
Darwinian View
Change will accumulate slowly over time
Every little genetic change over time
19
Q
Haplorhine
A
No rhinarium and no dental comb
20
Q
Hominoid
A
Apes: No tail More encephalized Capable of forward facing sex Two families - lesser apes and great apes
21
Q
Homeothermic
A
Warm-blooded
22
Q
Homologous Trait
A
Similarity of trait or structure is based on common descent
What we look for when looking at evolutionary tree
Example: human hand and whale fin
23
Q
Homoplasy
A
The process by which analogous traits come out
“same molding”
24
Q
K Selected
A
Having few offspring per birth and invest heavily to them.
25
***Phylogenetic Tree
Product of phylogenetic
| Notes time depth weighted characteristics
26
Phylogenetics
Divison based on presence or absence of homologies in relation to ancestral form
27
Platyrrhini
New World Monkeys:
Wide, outward facing nostrils
2.1.3.3.
Two families:callitrichidae and cebidae
28
Prosimian
Before Monkey
Most ancestral / primitive
Lemurs / Lorises / Tarsiers (oddity and most ancestral of the 3)
29
Punctuated Equilibrium
Gould and Eldridges View
| Evolution proceeds with periods of rapid change (speciation events) followed by periods of relatively little change
30
Quadrupedal
4 leg walking
31
R Selected
Having a litter then no care for the babies
32
Rhinarium
Fleshy nose
33
Specialized Traits
Advantageous within their specific environment
| Example: Horse's hooves and human feet
34
Strepsirhine
HAS dental tooth comb and rhinarium
35
Systematics
The study of biological diversity and its evolution
Trying to organized
Darwin and Linneaus took part in this
36
Tapetum Lucidum
Cat reflect eyes
37
Allometry
"Scaling" of traits
| Example: brain - body size = EQ
38
Behavioral Ecology
Study of how evolution has shaped behavior within an ecological context (Top down impact)
```
4 ways:
Predator Avoidance
Foraging
Reproduction
Group dynamics
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- Predator Avoidance: Small must be cryptic, Large must be threatening, Most rely on the group (which is why primates are social)
- Foraging (Food): Body size, brain size, activity level, and diet are correlated. The bigger the brain needs more protein. Bigger the body needs more calories. It's based on how much food is around and the quality of it. *Small body is insectivore, large brain is frugivore (fruit gives sugar, carbs, protein), large body is herbivore (need so much in order to get quality protein) *Females determine their range over food availability, Males determine their range based on availability of females
39
Allopatric
A foraging pattern
Create their own, species specific range
They will attack any other type of primate in their range
40
Sympatric
A foraging pattern
Share range with other species
Can overlap because of diversity in resource exploitation
Example: Diurnal vs Nocturnal, Canopy vs ground
41
Noyaou
Solitary
Female set individual range and males range to overlap as many females as possible.
Found in most "primitive" and nocturnal
Example: Lorises and Orangutans
42
Monogamous
Female and Male pair-bonded for life
Rare in any species
Often no dimorphism
Potentially increase parental care (dual protection)
Example: Gibbons
43
Polyandrous
One breeding Female and many Males
Rarest of all
Males invest heavily in parenting since Female recruits them to protect children and in exchange they will mate
Example: Marmosets
44
Multi-Male / Multi-Female
Many of both sexes
All sexes forage together
Heavy competition
Complex group politics = big brains
Requires a plentiful environment
Example: Capuchins
45
Polygynous
Single Adult Male with Females and young
Usually Matrilineal (boys leave)
Creates Sexual Dipmorphisms
Example: lions mane, silverback gorilla
Creates characteristic behaviors (infanticide)
Example: Gorilla
46
Affilative
Aggression is risky
Affiliation can convey benefits
Grooming
Sex
Alloparenting
47
Alloparenting
Parenting behavior from non-parents
48
Sexual Dimorphism
A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of the species
49
Clade
Group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
50
Prehensility
Having a tail that acts as a kind of hand for support in trees
Common in New World Monkeys
51
Reproductive Strategies
Males' primary strategy: physically compete for access to reproductively mature females which causes sexual selection (the freq. of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex). Another strategy is infanticide (the killing of a nursing infant in order for the mother to resume ovulation.
Females' primary strategy: Being higher ranked. Selecting on the basis of characteristics such as disposition, physical appearance, and position in social hierarchy
52
What are the major types of classification/systematic methods? What are the positive and negative aspects of each? What are the final products? What criteria do each use to make their distinctions?
Phylogenetics: They do division based on presence or abscence or homologies in relation to ancestral form. Positive- Gives time depth and is weighted. Negative- Might pick wrong. Product- phylogenetic tree
Cladistics: Division based on presence weighted characteristics. Product - Cladogram
Phenetics: Grouping based on similarities. Negative - disregards phylogeny / evolutionary relationship and Homoplasy. Positive - fine taxonomic distinction. Product: Phenogram
53
What are the shared characteristics of all mammals? NOT FINISHED What are common trends for mammalian evolution?
Mammary Glands and hair of some kind
54
What are the major species trends/traits for primates? What makes a primate a primate?
K-selected, long gestation and maturation, altricial young, eutherian is what makes a primate a primate.
Encephalized brain, forward facing eyes, heterodonty (different teeth for different jobs), bilateral symmetry
55
What traits do we use to classify major primate groups? (How do we make distinctions on the primate family tree?)
Prosimians: Nocturnal and Insectivores, dental tooth comb, grooming claw
Anthropoids: Diurnal, post-orbital plate, fused mandible, 2.1.2.3. dentition, narrow downward facing nostrils
Hominoids: No tail, forward facing sex
56
What are the major types of primate social/foraging organization? What are the overriding principles behind primate social organization (what do females and males focus on)?
Overriding principles behind primate social organization: Females - determine rang end group size based on availability of food. Males - Determine range and group size based on availability of females
Major types of primate social/foraging organization: Noyau, Monogamous, Polyandry, Multi-male / Multi-female, polygynous
57
What are major forms of primate behavior? What is the single most important affilative behavior among primates?
Group living, affiliation (grooming and sex), parenting, and communication.
The most important affliative behavior is alloparenting
58
How are primates used as models for evolution? What part(s) of the brain is/are important for language?
The parts of the brain important for language is the Broca's area (understand speech but can't produce) and Wernicke's area (can produce speech but can't understand)
To understand the similarities we have their learned, shared knowledge and patterns of behavior within a group
59
How are primates used as models for evolution? What part(s) of the brain is/are important for language?
The parts of the brain important for language is the Broca's area (understand speech but can't produce) and Wernicke's area (can produce speech but can't understand)
By looking at the karyotypes we share and do not share.
60
How do primates exhibit higher level behavior like, culture, aggression, etc.
With dominance
61
Stereoscopic Vision
Depth perception
62
Broca's area
Speech production: can understand but can't produce
63
Wernicke's area
Speech perception: can express but can't understand
