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Psychology 350 > Exam 2 - Ch. 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, & Research in Psychopathology > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Ch. 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, & Research in Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

precise testable prediction

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2
Q

Case Studies

A

extensive research of one individual or group with common characteristics

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3
Q

Limitations on Case Studies - Biases

A

hypothesis that you have influences of what you look for and ignores other relevant information

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4
Q

Limitations on Case Studies - Validity

A
  • low internal (cause-and-effect conclusion)

- low external (generalizability)

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5
Q

Correlational Research

A
  • how variables are related

- IV is not manipulated

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6
Q

Positive correlation

A

variables move in the same direction

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7
Q

Negative Correlation

A

variables move in the opposite direction

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8
Q

Limitations to Correlation REsearch

A
  • cannot imply causation

- problem of directionality (hard to say which comes first)

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9
Q

Epidemiological research

A

used to analyze large amounts of current data to identify prevalence and incidence in large populations

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10
Q

Example of Correlational Method

A

Epidemiological Research

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

existing cases

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12
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases

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13
Q

Internal Validity

A

extent to which you can be confident that the IV is causing the DV to change

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14
Q

External validity

A

how well your findings describe similar individuals who were not among study participants

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15
Q

Experiments

A

attempt to establish casual relations through manipulations of IV

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16
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable manipulated

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17
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable measured and influenced by IV

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18
Q

Random Assignment

A

all subjects have an equal chance to be in experimental or control group

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19
Q

What has high external validity and low confound

A

Random Assignment

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20
Q

Single-Blind

A

Participants don’t know whether they are experimental or control group

21
Q

Double-Blind

A

neither participants or researchers know

22
Q

Repeated Measurement studies

A

in which a behavior is measured several times instead of only once before you change the IV and once afterward

23
Q

What does repeated measurement studies allow

A

allows researchers to identify trends in behaviors

24
Q

What do repeated measurement studies help identify

A

how a person is doing before and after intervention and whether the treatment accounted for any changes

25
Q

Statistical significance

A

small probability of obtaining the observed research findings by chance

26
Q

What does statistical significance not imply

A

clinical meaningfulness

27
Q

Clinical significance

A

are results clinically meaningful

28
Q

Genetic research focuses on what?

A

endophenotypes

29
Q

Endophenotypes

A

genetic mechanism that contributes to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

30
Q

Genetic Research strategies (3)

A
  • Family Studies
  • Adoption
  • Twin studies
31
Q

Family studies

A

behaviors/emotional traits in family

32
Q

Adoption

A

separates environmental from genetic

33
Q

Twin Studies

A

best way of determining genetic role in any particular disorder

34
Q

Strategies for problem and behavior over time (3)

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Cross sectional
  • Sequential designs
35
Q

Longitudinal

A

same individual or group studies over time

36
Q

Pros of longitudinal

A

measure direct changes

37
Q

Cons of longitudinal

A

time, attrition, expensive

38
Q

Cross-Sectional

A

compares individuals of different ages

39
Q

Pros of Cross-Sectional

A

efficiency

40
Q

Cons of Cross-Sectional

A

different ages and different experiences, cannot measure direct change

41
Q

Sequential designs

A

combine both, repeated study of different cohorts over time

42
Q

Cohort effect

A

People of different age groups differ in their values and experience

43
Q

Principles of Ethics (5)

A
  • Informed Consent
  • Competence
  • Voluntarism
  • Full information
  • Comprehension
44
Q

Informed consent

A

does the subject agree to participate?

45
Q

Competence

A

can the subject provide consent?

46
Q

Voluntarism

A

lack of coercion

47
Q

Full information

A

is there necessary information to make informed decision?

48
Q

Comprehension

A

understanding about benefits and risks of participation

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