Exam 2: Ch. 11 Flashcards
What are 4 examples of endocrine organs
Small intestines
Kidneys
Liver
Skin
What are 3 facts about endocrine glands?
No ducts
Secrete hormones
Achieve response in target organs
What are the 4 chemical classifications of hormones?
Amines
Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Steroids (derived from cholesterol)
Polar hormones means that they are ____ and (can/cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
Ex: insulin
Water soluble….. Cannot
Non polar hormones are ______ which means they (can/cannot) pass through the plasma membrane
Ex: steriods
Insoluble in water…. Easily pass through plasma membrane
What are prohormones? What are prehormones?
Prohormone: Precursor to an active hormone
Prehormone: prwcurson to a prohormone
3 pattens that regulate rate of hormone secretion?
- changing levels in non-hormone substances
- neural stimulation of endocrine gland
- control of 1 gland by another
What does half-life of a hormone mean?
Half life= time to reduce plasma concentration by 50%
3 ways things are removed from the blood?
Excretion
Metabolism
Conjugation by the liver
Physiological doses are within ____ ranges and produce the _____ effect
Normal….target
Pharmacological doses are within_____ ranges and produce_____ effects
Higher….abnormal
What is the priming effect called and what does it do (2 things)?
Up regulation….allows greater response for second hormone and increases number of receptors proteins on target cell
What causes desensitization?
Prolonged exposer to high concentrations of hormones causing a decrease in actions of the hormone
What is the scientific name for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
What is the anterior pituitary responsible for releasing? (6)
GH (growth hormone)
TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
FSH-(follicle stimulating hormone) GONADOTROPIN
LH- (luteinizing hormone) ovulation GONADOTROPIN
PRL- (prolactin) milk production
What hormones are stored (by the hypothalamus) then ultimately released by the posterior pituitary? (2)
ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin- “feel good hormone”
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
What does the adrenal cortex release? And what are 3 examples of these?
Corticoids
- Mineralcoricoids (aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids ( cortisol)
- Androgens (sex steroids)
What does the adrenal medulla release? (2)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the 3 stages of stress (general adaptation syndrome)?
Alarm reaction
Stage of resistance
Exhaustion
What are the 2 groups of hormones released by the thyroid glands?
- Thyroid follicles (t3/ t4)
2. Calcitonin- antagonist to PTH by lowing blood Calcium
What does the parathyroid glands release? What does it do?
PTH which raises blood Calcium
The pancreas is both _____ and ______ in function. Two cell types and what they secrete
Endocrine and exocrine
Alpha- secrete glucagon when blood sugars drops
Beta- secretes insulin when blood sugar raises
What does the pineal gland release?
Melatonin
