Exam 2 (CH: 11, 12, 3, 13, 14.)

Question 1

Cells which will develop into gametes.

Answer 1

Germ line cells.

Question 2

What are the only cells that will be given to offspring from its parents?

Answer 2

Germ line cells and these give rise to the gametes.

Question 3

Any cell that is not a germ line cell?

Answer 3

Somatic Cells.

Question 4

What will a germ line mutation affect?

Answer 4

Only the offspring, this is a heritable trait/ mutation for future offspring as well.

Question 5

What does mutation within a gene usually lead to?

Answer 5

an altered product/ protein/ amino acid.

Question 6

What does a mutation in the regulatory/ promoter region of DNA usually lead to?

Answer 6

Altered expression/ regulation. (How much, When, Where?)
Affects transcription.

Question 7

What does the promoter region of DNA do? (eukaryote)

Answer 7

it is a region of DNA generally upstream of the gene region. This is where RNA polymerase will bind with the required help of transcription factors that are activators (repressors opposite) to initiate transcription
(DNA–> RNA)

Question 8

What are the results of gene duplication?

Answer 8

Either of the duplicates over time and division may acquire mutations that affect the selection of how either one may be expressed (advantageous or deleterious.)

Question 9

What is an exon?

Answer 9

A region of DNA or RNA that encodes for a protein, The DNA portion encodes the RNA for the exon. This is the portion that will be in mRNA (mature messenger RNA.)

Question 10

What is pre-mRNA?

Answer 10

This is mRNA before it is modified (spliced) in the nucleus. This RNA includes both exons and introns.

Question 11

What is exon shuffling?

Answer 11

Usually occurs during a crossing over event where an exon is involved and can lead to new functions of proteins once made into mRNA. Since introns are removed the crossing over does not have to be precise, more likely to occur when there are longer introns involved.

Question 12

What is transposition?

Answer 12

When a transposon (jumping gene) is transposed into the regulatory region of DNA and may alter the activity/ regulation/ expression. Can promote other genome rearrangements as well.

Question 13

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 13

This is mostly occurs in prokaryotes. When an organism passes a gene to another organism (even diff species.) (Not vertical gene transfer parent to offspring)

Question 14

Mutations can occur in various regions of DNA how would a non- synonymous point mutation likely affect the following?
intron region:
exon region:
regulatory region:

Answer 14

Intron: no effect
Exon: affects the protein product produced (good or bad.)
Regulatory Region: (good or bad) affects production/ expression, when, where. Much larger effect of the organism, usually very deleterious.

Question 15

What is an allosteric site?

Answer 15

This is a site on an enzyme or receptor where it will bind to a molecule (effector) and modify the enzyme’s activity.

Question 16

A complete non-disjunction event occurs in meiosis in a species germ line cells chromosomes what does this mean for it’s offspring?

Answer 16

If the offspring is viable, it will have a different number of chromosomes this is pretty much an immediate speciation event, only if the species is also fertile.

Question 17

What is homeotic transformation?

Answer 17

Type of genetic mutation which leads to a body part being replaced by a body part usually expressed elsewhere.
Think “legs for antennas in melanogaster.”

Question 18

What is genetic conjugation?

Answer 18

The horizontal transfer of genetic information from one cell to another through a sex pilus (genetic recombination without reproduction)

Question 19

What are the components of a phospholipid?

Answer 19

Hydrophilic head (polar group, phosphate, glycerol) and fatty acid tails (usually one tail has an alkene (cis/trans)

Question 20

How are phospholipids able to move in a membrane?

Answer 20

They can diffuse laterally, rotate and have some tail flexion. They do not spontaneously flip sides. (fluid mosaic)

Question 21

How is cholesterol involved in the lipid bilayer membrane?

Answer 21

Cholesterol has a polar head group and rigid steroid structure and hydrocarbon tail, this assists in being a bumper, prevents over packing, balances fluidity to provide some structure.

Question 22

What are two important regulations of cholesterol?

Answer 22

@ high temp: Restrain movement of fatty acids (maintains stability)
@ low temp: Prevents tight packing of fatty acids (maintains fluidity.)

Question 23

What are glycolipids? Where are they found?

Answer 23

Has a saccharride head. and is on the outer extracellular membrane side. Acts as a cell identity marker.

Question 24

What are charged phospholipids?
Where are they found?

Answer 24

Contain a negatively charged phosphate group found on the intracellular side of the membrane.

Question 25

What is a function of Transporters in the cell membrane?

Answer 25

Carrier proteins and ion channels.
Actively pumps Na+ out and K+ into the cell.

Question 26

What is a function of anchors in the cell membrane?

Answer 26

Links intra and extra cellular matrix/ filaments.

Question 27

When net movement is down the concentration gradient and particles can cross the cell membrane freely?

Answer 27

Passive transport:
Simple diffusion. (osmosis)
Gases, small polar/ hydrophobic molecules.
No charged molecules!!

Question 28

When net movement is down the concentration gradient, but requires channel and carrier proteins? (No energy)

Answer 28

Passive Transport: Facilitated diffusion.
Larger polar molecules, charged molecules and ions.

Question 29

Active Transport:

Answer 29

Transport against the gradient of molecules that cannot cross the membrane freely. uses ATP.
Large polar molecules, and charged molecules.
Uses special carrier proteins- Pumps.

Question 30

What does a resting membrane potential mean electrochemically?

Answer 30

The cell has reached an electrochemical equilibrium.

Question 30

What does a resting potential of -70 mean regarding the intra and extra cellular regions of a nerve cell?

Answer 30

This is describing membrane potential, when the membrane potential is at -70 mV it means inside the cell is 70 mV less positive than outside the cell. (70-80 is usually at rest)

Question 31

What happens when order is increased within the cell?

Answer 31

Heat is generated, this dissipates outside the cell and leads to more disorder outside the cell.

Question 32

What is free energy?

Answer 32

The capacity to do work.

Question 33

Negative change in free energy?

Answer 33

-∆G = spontaneous.
Going down in it’s energy state.

Question 34

Endergonic RXN?

Answer 34

Consumes energy
+∆G- non-spontaneous.

Question 35

What kind of energy state change is a condensation RXN?

Answer 35

+∆G, non-spontaneous.

Question 36

What kind of energy state change is a hydrolysis RXN?

Answer 36

-∆G, spontaneous.

Question 37

What is entropy?

Answer 37

The measure of disorder in a system. breaking down (hydrolysis) increases entropy.

Question 38

The breakdown of complex molecules:

Answer 38

Catabolism

Question 39

The synthesis of complex molecules:

Answer 39

Anabolism.

Question 40

What is Oxidation?

Answer 40

OIL: loss of E- release energy -∆G.

Question 41

What is Reduction?

Answer 41

RIG: gain of E- requires energy +∆G.
(appears to gain H)

Question 42

What always happens in oxidative reactions?

Answer 42

Reduction, redox. When something is losing E-, something must gain. always coupled together.
(appears to lose H)