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exam 2 cervicals Flashcards

1
Q

What would be the direction of cervical curve based on osseous features?

A

Posterior or kyphotic

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2
Q

What accounts for direction of typical cervical curve?

A

Intervertebral disc height

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3
Q

What is the direction of typical cervical curve?

A

Anterior or lordotic

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4
Q

At which vertebral couple will cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?

A

C5/C6

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5
Q

What are the modifications of the sup. Epiphyseal rim of typical cervical?

A

Ant. Groove, post. Groove, right and lect uncinate processes

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6
Q

Names of the lateral, modification of sup. Epiphiseal rim?

A

Uncinate process, unciform process uncovertebral process, uncus or lat. Lip

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7
Q

Which vertebra are typical cervicals?

A

C3-C6

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8
Q

Which vertebra are atypical cervicals?

A

C1,C2, C7

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9
Q

Shape of typical cervical vertebral body from cranial view?

A

Rectangular

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10
Q

Appearance of typical cervical vertebral body from lateral view?

A

Post. Height greater than ant. Height by few millimeters

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11
Q

Mammals that have more than 7 cervical vertebra?

A

Ant bear, 3-toed sloth

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12
Q

Mammals that have less than 7 cervical vertebra?

A

2-toed sloth, manatee

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13
Q

Names given to lateral modifications on inferior Epiphyseal rim?

A

Lat. Groove or enchancrure

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14
Q

What are the modifications of inferior Epiphyseal rim of typical cervicals?

A

Ant. Lip, post. Lip, lat. Grooves

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15
Q

Joint classification for posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

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16
Q

Joint classification for uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?

A

Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

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17
Q

Joint classification for spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?

A

Cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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18
Q

How many joint surfaces present on upper surface of typical cervical vertebral body? Lower surface?

A

5; 5

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19
Q

How many joint surfaces present on a vertebral body of typical cervical? How many are synovial?

A

10; 4

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20
Q

Name given to uncinate process-lateral groove articulatio ?

A

Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint

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21
Q

What does recent literature suggest as nature of joint of Luschka?

A

Joint representative of IVD aging which results in loss of lamellar integrity near joint

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22
Q

Functional significance of joint of Luschka?

A

Appears to stabilize IVD while accomidating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation w/ lat. Bend) in cervical spine

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23
Q

Muscle attaches to typical cervical vertebral body?

A

Longus colli muscle

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24
Q

Orientation and angulation of pedicle of typical cervical?

A

Posterolateral, 45 degrees

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25
Q

Ligament that attaches to lamina of typical cervicals?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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26
Q

Joint classification associated with ligamentum flavum and its attachment?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

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27
Q

Ossification of ligamentum flavum at attachment site on lamina results in what feature?

A

Para-articular process

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28
Q

Ossificatio of ligamentum flavum at atachment on lamina has which classification of bone?

A

Accessory bone

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29
Q

Ossification within length of ligamentum flavum associated with which classification of bone?

A

Heterotropic bone

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30
Q

Outline (shape?)of vertebral foramen of a typical cervical?

A

Heart-shaped or triangular

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31
Q

Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervical vertebra?

A

Transverse

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32
Q

What soft tissue diameter mimics outline of typical cervical vertebral foramen?

A

Transverse diameter of cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.

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33
Q

Greatest transverse diameter of typical cervical occurs here

A

C6

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34
Q

Greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with vertebral body occur at which typical cervical vertebral couple?

A

C5/C6

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35
Q

In order, osseoous parts of typical cervical vertebra transverse process, begining at vertebral body

A

costal element, ant. Tubercle, costotransverse bar, post. Tubercle, true transverse process

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36
Q

Muscles attaching to anterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra?

A

Ant. Scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, ant. Intertransversarii

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37
Q

Distal modification of true transverse process of typical cervicals?

A

Post. Tubercle

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38
Q

Muscles attaching to posterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra?

A

Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and post. Intertransversarii

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39
Q

Muscles attaching to costotransverse bar?

A

Middle scalene and post. Intertransversarii

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40
Q

Name given to collective rib-forming region?

A

Pleurapophysis

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41
Q

Name given to superior margin of costotrasverse bar?

A

Sulcus for ventral primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve

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42
Q

Orientation and angulation of typical cervical transverse process

A

60 degrees anterolaterally from misdsagittal plane, 15 degrees inferiorly from horizontal plane

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43
Q

Name for modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process

A

Carotid tubercle

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44
Q

What occupies typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

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45
Q

Name of lamina-pedicke junction of typical cervical vertebr?

A

Articular pillar

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46
Q

Name for surface feature observes between ends of articular pillar?

A

Groove/sulcus for dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve

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47
Q

Nerve that indents the articukar pillar of typical cervical vertebra?

A

Medial branch of dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve

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48
Q

Classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets

A

40 to 45 degrees from coronal plane

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49
Q

Orientation of typical cervical superior articular facet?

A

(BUM) backward, upward medial

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50
Q

Orientation of typical cervical inferior articular facet?

A

(FoLD) forward, lateral, downward

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51
Q

Muscles attaching to typical cervical articular process?

A

Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators

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52
Q

Muscles blending with capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?

A

Semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus

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53
Q

What Modifications of synovial joint are observd in the cervical spine?

A

Meniscoidal folds

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54
Q

Greatest range of flexion-extension among typical cervical vertebra occurs at which vertebral couple?

A

Typically C5/C6

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55
Q

What Motions are coupled in cervical spine?

A

Lateral bending and axial rotation

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56
Q

Range of coupled motion among typical cervical vertebra is similar for what cervical vertebra couples?

A

C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples

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57
Q

Muscle that may attach to typical cervical spinous process?

A

Spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervisis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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58
Q

Name of 1st cervial vertebra?

A

Atlas

59
Q

Features lacking at C1?

A

Vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and intervertebral disc

60
Q

What represents the pedicle at C1?

A

Ant. arch

61
Q

Muscle attaching too anterior arch of C1?

A

Longus colli

62
Q

Ligaments that attach to anterior arch of C1?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

63
Q

What is observed on back of anterior arch of C1?

A

Fovea dentis

64
Q

Joint classifications observed on anterior arch of C1?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

65
Q

Morphology of superior articular facet of C1? orientation?

A

Elipsoidal, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing facet surface into 2 seperate surface; backward, upward medial (BUM) orientation

66
Q

Joint classification of atlanto-occipital zygapophysis? atlanto-axial zygapophysis?

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint; synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

67
Q

Morphological characteristics of inferior articular facet of C1? orientation?

A

Asymmetrical, slightly concave/flattened; backward medial, downward (BMD)

68
Q

Name of rounded elevation on medial aspect of lateral mass of C1?

A

Tubercle for transverse atlantal ligament

69
Q

Muscles attaching to lateral mass of C1?

A

Levator scapula, spinalis cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

70
Q

What part of C1 represents the spinous process?

A

Posterior tubercle of posetior arch

71
Q

Distance from posterior tubercle or posterior arch to skin in each gender?

A

Males:about 50 millimeters; females: about 37 milimeters

72
Q

What attaches to posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

73
Q

What superior surface modifications of posterior arch of C1 are present?

A

Groove/sulcus for vertebral artery and arcuate rim

74
Q

Attaches to arcuate rim of C1?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

75
Q

Earliest age of development where ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

~7yrs old

76
Q

Based on amount of ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?

A

Incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus

77
Q

What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?

A

Ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

78
Q

Attachment sites of ponticulus posticus?

A

Attached to arcuate rim of posterior arch of atlas and to superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas

79
Q

Another name for ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerie’s anomaly

80
Q

Name of opening formed by ponticulus posticus?

A

Arcuate foramen or retroarticullar canal

81
Q

Pontculus posticusobserved in ethnic populations?

A

All ethnic populations studied thus far

82
Q

Gender bias for ponticulus posticus?

A

Female

83
Q

Osseous parts of the transverse process if C1?

A

Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

84
Q

Osseous parts of process absent at C1?

A

Anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

85
Q

Muscles attaching to transverse process of C1?

A

Rectus capitis Ant., Rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis sup., obliquus capitis inf., and intertransversarii muscles

86
Q

Suboccipital muscles with fascial projections attaching to spinal dura?

A

Rectus capitis post. minr, rectus capitis post. major, oliquus capitis inferior

87
Q

What are the Connections between suboccipital muscles and spinal dura?

A

Myodural bridges

88
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to ?

A

Lateral mass and transeverse process of atlas

89
Q

Opening formed with a complete lateral bride?

A

Retrotransverse foramen

90
Q

Possible contents of retrotransverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery, branch from suboccipical nerve and veins communicating w/ venous sinuses of neck

91
Q

Which of the ponticles/bridges of atlas is most numerous?

A

Ponticulus posticus

92
Q

Which ponticles of atlas are only observes in humans?

A

Lateral bridges

93
Q

Gender variation for measurments of transverse diameter of C1?

A

Males-78millimeters , females-72millimeters

94
Q

Distance from posterior tubercle of transverse process of C1 to skin for each gender

A

Little over 30 millimetersfor males and females

95
Q

Joint classifications for C!?

A

Fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trocoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthropodia) joint

96
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces at C1? which ones?

A

5; 2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets and fovea dentis

97
Q

Name of C2?, unique vertebral body modification?

A

Dens/Ondontiod process

98
Q

How many joint surfaces presens on ondontoid process of C2?

A

5

99
Q

Joint classificatoins for ondontoid process of C2?

A

Fibrous (ampiarthrosis) syndesmosis joins and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

100
Q

Name of ondontoid process, when facet for fovea dentis lies ABOVE grooove for transverse atlantal ligament and attachment sites for apical-dental & alar ligaments appear directed POSTERIOR?

A

Lordotic dens

101
Q

Name of ondontoid process, when facet for fovea dentis lies BELOW grooove for transverse atlantal ligament and attachment sites for apical-dental & alar ligaments appear directed ANTERIOR?

A

Kyphotic dens

102
Q

Ligament forming anterior boundary for spinal canal above C2? BELOW?

A

Membrana tectoria; posterior longitudinal ligament

103
Q

What lies on upper surface of pedicle of C2?

A

Superior articular process

104
Q

What attaches to lamina of C2?

A

Obliquus capitis inf. muscles, post. atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

105
Q

Apperance of superior articular facets of C2? orientation?

A

Asymmetrical and slightly convex; backward, upward and lateral (BUL)

106
Q

Orientation of inferior articuar facets of C2?

A

Forward, lateral and down (FoLD)

107
Q

Classification of zygapophyseal joints of C2?

A

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidia) joint

108
Q

Muscles attaching to articular processes of C2?

A

Longissimus cervicis

109
Q

Gender variation for transverse diameter of C2?

A

Males- 57milimeters; females ~50milimeters

110
Q

Muscles attaching to transverse process of C2?

A

Levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii

111
Q

Ligaments attaching to spinous process of C2?

A

Ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments

112
Q

Names of C7?

A

Vertebral prominens and vertebral prominence

113
Q

Name of topographcal elevation observes at base of neck?

A

Vertebral prominence

114
Q

Segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 more common in females and T1 more common in males

115
Q

How many joint surfaces present at vertebral body of C7?

A

8

116
Q

Joint classifications for vertebral body of C7?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and modified synovial saddle(diarthrosis sellar) joint

117
Q

Muscle(s) attaching to vertebral body of C7?

A

Longus colli

118
Q

Muscles attaching to transverse process of C7?

A

Middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracic, longissimus cervisis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis

119
Q

Feature typically present in transverse foramen of C7?

A

Vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers

120
Q

Orientation of superior articular facet of C7? Of inferior articular facet?

A

Backward, upward, medial (BUM); forward, medial, down (ForMeD)

121
Q

Muscles attaching to articuar process of C7?

A

Longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinals cervicis and multifidis

122
Q

Features of the spinous process of C7?

A

Long, horizontaal, nonbifid

123
Q

Muscles attaching to spinous process of C7?

A

Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus post. superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis

124
Q

Ligaments attaching to spinous process of C7?

A

Ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligament

125
Q

Vertebral artery on which side is larger?

A

Left vertebral artery

126
Q

Gender bias regarding size of vertebral artery?

A

Men have larger vertebral arteries than women

127
Q

Name of physical exam used to deturmine vertebral artery patency

A

Vertebroasilar artery insufficiency test

128
Q

Side artery tested during corse of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

Ipsilateral artery on side of rotation

129
Q

Symptoms of failure of vertebral artery to compensate during vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

Dizziness, vertigo, nausea common complaints

130
Q

Vertebral artery typically a branch of which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

131
Q

At what vertebral level will vertebral artery 1st becomes located in transverse foramen?

A

C6

132
Q

Location where vertebral artery forms its 1st compensatory loop? 2nd compensatory loop?

A

Atlanto-axial interspace; atlanto-occipital interspace

133
Q

Segments where vertebral artery firmly attaches to transverse foramen?

A

C1 &C2

134
Q

Purpose of vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?

A

Increased length will accomidate greater rotation at these locations

135
Q

What happens to the vertebral artery as it enters vertebral foramen of C1?

A

Adventitia of artery blends with dura mater and arachnoid mater ==》artery lies in subarachnoid space

136
Q

What happens to vertebral artery as it enters subarachnoid space of C1?

A

Vertebral artery ascends along medulla oblongata to pontine-medullary jxn where right and left arteries unite to form basilar artery

137
Q

Joint classifications at C7

A

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

138
Q

What forms Boundaries for exit of C1 nerve from spinal canal?

A

Occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for vertebral artery, post. Atlanto-occipital ligament

139
Q

What forms anterior boundary for exit of C2 nerve from spinal canal? Posterior boundary?

A

Inf. Articular process of C1, sup. Articular process of C2, capsular lig. ; post. Arch of C1, lamina of C2 and post. Atlanto-axial lig.

140
Q

What forms anterior boundary for exit of nerves C3-C7 from spinal canal?

A

Vertebral bodies, IVD, post. Longitudinal lig. , unciate process, lat. Groove

141
Q

What forms anterior boundary for exit of C8 nerve from spinal canal?

A

Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, IVD, post. Longitudinal lig. ,capsular lig.of the costocentral joint, sup. Costal facet of T1 and adticular surfsce of 1st rib

142
Q

Superior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae? Inferior ?

A

C1 is backward, upward medial (BUM), C2 backward upward laterl (BUL ) C3-C7 backward upward medial (BUM)

C1 inf. Is backward downward medial (BMD) C2 -C6 is forward downward lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward downward medial (ForMeD)

143
Q

Number of synovial joints for each cervical?

A

C1=5. C2=8. C3-6 =8. C7=6

144
Q

Number of joints at vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A

C1=none C2=10. C3-6=10. C7=8

spinal questions (7 decks)

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