exam 2 cervicals Flashcards
1
Q
What would be the direction of cervical curve based on osseous features?
A
Posterior or kyphotic
2
Q
What accounts for direction of typical cervical curve?
A
Intervertebral disc height
3
Q
What is the direction of typical cervical curve?
A
Anterior or lordotic
4
Q
At which vertebral couple will cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
A
C5/C6
5
Q
What are the modifications of the sup. Epiphyseal rim of typical cervical?
A
Ant. Groove, post. Groove, right and lect uncinate processes
6
Q
Names of the lateral, modification of sup. Epiphiseal rim?
A
Uncinate process, unciform process uncovertebral process, uncus or lat. Lip
7
Q
Which vertebra are typical cervicals?
A
C3-C6
8
Q
Which vertebra are atypical cervicals?
A
C1,C2, C7
9
Q
Shape of typical cervical vertebral body from cranial view?
A
Rectangular
10
Q
Appearance of typical cervical vertebral body from lateral view?
A
Post. Height greater than ant. Height by few millimeters
11
Q
Mammals that have more than 7 cervical vertebra?
A
Ant bear, 3-toed sloth
12
Q
Mammals that have less than 7 cervical vertebra?
A
2-toed sloth, manatee
13
Q
Names given to lateral modifications on inferior Epiphyseal rim?
A
Lat. Groove or enchancrure
14
Q
What are the modifications of inferior Epiphyseal rim of typical cervicals?
A
Ant. Lip, post. Lip, lat. Grooves
15
Q
Joint classification for posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
A
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
16
Q
Joint classification for uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
A
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
17
Q
Joint classification for spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
A
Cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
18
Q
How many joint surfaces present on upper surface of typical cervical vertebral body? Lower surface?
A
5; 5
19
Q
How many joint surfaces present on a vertebral body of typical cervical? How many are synovial?
A
10; 4
20
Q
Name given to uncinate process-lateral groove articulatio ?
A
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
21
Q
What does recent literature suggest as nature of joint of Luschka?
A
Joint representative of IVD aging which results in loss of lamellar integrity near joint
22
Q
Functional significance of joint of Luschka?
A
Appears to stabilize IVD while accomidating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation w/ lat. Bend) in cervical spine
23
Q
Muscle attaches to typical cervical vertebral body?
A
Longus colli muscle
24
Q
Orientation and angulation of pedicle of typical cervical?
A
Posterolateral, 45 degrees
25
Ligament that attaches to lamina of typical cervicals?
Ligamentum flavum
26
Joint classification associated with ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
27
Ossification of ligamentum flavum at attachment site on lamina results in what feature?
Para-articular process
28
Ossificatio of ligamentum flavum at atachment on lamina has which classification of bone?
Accessory bone
29
Ossification within length of ligamentum flavum associated with which classification of bone?
Heterotropic bone
30
Outline (shape?)of vertebral foramen of a typical cervical?
Heart-shaped or triangular
31
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervical vertebra?
Transverse
32
What soft tissue diameter mimics outline of typical cervical vertebral foramen?
Transverse diameter of cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.
33
Greatest transverse diameter of typical cervical occurs here
C6
34
Greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with vertebral body occur at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
35
In order, osseoous parts of typical cervical vertebra transverse process, begining at vertebral body
costal element, ant. Tubercle, costotransverse bar, post. Tubercle, true transverse process
36
Muscles attaching to anterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra?
Ant. Scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, ant. Intertransversarii
37
Distal modification of true transverse process of typical cervicals?
Post. Tubercle
38
Muscles attaching to posterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra?
Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and post. Intertransversarii
39
Muscles attaching to costotransverse bar?
Middle scalene and post. Intertransversarii
40
Name given to collective rib-forming region?
Pleurapophysis
41
Name given to superior margin of costotrasverse bar?
Sulcus for ventral primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve
42
Orientation and angulation of typical cervical transverse process
60 degrees anterolaterally from misdsagittal plane, 15 degrees inferiorly from horizontal plane
43
Name for modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process
Carotid tubercle
44
What occupies typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
45
Name of lamina-pedicke junction of typical cervical vertebr?
Articular pillar
46
Name for surface feature observes between ends of articular pillar?
Groove/sulcus for dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve
47
Nerve that indents the articukar pillar of typical cervical vertebra?
Medial branch of dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve
48
Classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets
40 to 45 degrees from coronal plane
49
Orientation of typical cervical superior articular facet?
(BUM) backward, upward medial
50
Orientation of typical cervical inferior articular facet?
(FoLD) forward, lateral, downward
51
Muscles attaching to typical cervical articular process?
Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
52
Muscles blending with capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
Semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
53
What Modifications of synovial joint are observd in the cervical spine?
Meniscoidal folds
54
Greatest range of flexion-extension among typical cervical vertebra occurs at which vertebral couple?
Typically C5/C6
55
What Motions are coupled in cervical spine?
Lateral bending and axial rotation
56
Range of coupled motion among typical cervical vertebra is similar for what cervical vertebra couples?
C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
57
Muscle that may attach to typical cervical spinous process?
Spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervisis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
58
Name of 1st cervial vertebra?
Atlas
59
Features lacking at C1?
Vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and intervertebral disc
60
What represents the pedicle at C1?
Ant. arch
61
Muscle attaching too anterior arch of C1?
Longus colli
62
Ligaments that attach to anterior arch of C1?
Anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
63
What is observed on back of anterior arch of C1?
Fovea dentis
64
Joint classifications observed on anterior arch of C1?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
65
Morphology of superior articular facet of C1? orientation?
Elipsoidal, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing facet surface into 2 seperate surface; backward, upward medial (BUM) orientation
66
Joint classification of atlanto-occipital zygapophysis? atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint; synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
67
Morphological characteristics of inferior articular facet of C1? orientation?
Asymmetrical, slightly concave/flattened; backward medial, downward (BMD)
68
Name of rounded elevation on medial aspect of lateral mass of C1?
Tubercle for transverse atlantal ligament
69
Muscles attaching to lateral mass of C1?
Levator scapula, spinalis cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
70
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
Posterior tubercle of posetior arch
71
Distance from posterior tubercle or posterior arch to skin in each gender?
Males:about 50 millimeters; females: about 37 milimeters
72
What attaches to posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
73
What superior surface modifications of posterior arch of C1 are present?
Groove/sulcus for vertebral artery and arcuate rim
74
Attaches to arcuate rim of C1?
Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
75
Earliest age of development where ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
~7yrs old
76
Based on amount of ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
Incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
77
What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?
Ossification of anterior free margin of posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
78
Attachment sites of ponticulus posticus?
Attached to arcuate rim of posterior arch of atlas and to superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas
79
Another name for ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerie's anomaly
80
Name of opening formed by ponticulus posticus?
Arcuate foramen or retroarticullar canal
81
Pontculus posticusobserved in ethnic populations?
All ethnic populations studied thus far
82
Gender bias for ponticulus posticus?
Female
83
Osseous parts of the transverse process if C1?
Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
84
Osseous parts of process absent at C1?
Anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
85
Muscles attaching to transverse process of C1?
Rectus capitis Ant., Rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis sup., obliquus capitis inf., and intertransversarii muscles
86
Suboccipital muscles with fascial projections attaching to spinal dura?
Rectus capitis post. minr, rectus capitis post. major, oliquus capitis inferior
87
What are the Connections between suboccipital muscles and spinal dura?
Myodural bridges
88
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to ?
Lateral mass and transeverse process of atlas
89
Opening formed with a complete lateral bride?
Retrotransverse foramen
90
Possible contents of retrotransverse foramen?
Vertebral artery, branch from suboccipical nerve and veins communicating w/ venous sinuses of neck
91
Which of the ponticles/bridges of atlas is most numerous?
Ponticulus posticus
92
Which ponticles of atlas are only observes in humans?
Lateral bridges
93
Gender variation for measurments of transverse diameter of C1?
Males-78millimeters , females-72millimeters
94
Distance from posterior tubercle of transverse process of C1 to skin for each gender
Little over 30 millimetersfor males and females
95
Joint classifications for C!?
Fibrous(amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trocoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthropodia) joint
96
How many synovial joint surfaces at C1? which ones?
5; 2 superior articular facets, 2 inferior articular facets and fovea dentis
97
Name of C2?, unique vertebral body modification?
Dens/Ondontiod process
98
How many joint surfaces presens on ondontoid process of C2?
5
99
Joint classificatoins for ondontoid process of C2?
Fibrous (ampiarthrosis) syndesmosis joins and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
100
Name of ondontoid process, when facet for fovea dentis lies ABOVE grooove for transverse atlantal ligament and attachment sites for apical-dental & alar ligaments appear directed POSTERIOR?
Lordotic dens
101
Name of ondontoid process, when facet for fovea dentis lies BELOW grooove for transverse atlantal ligament and attachment sites for apical-dental & alar ligaments appear directed ANTERIOR?
Kyphotic dens
102
Ligament forming anterior boundary for spinal canal above C2? BELOW?
Membrana tectoria; posterior longitudinal ligament
103
What lies on upper surface of pedicle of C2?
Superior articular process
104
What attaches to lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inf. muscles, post. atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
105
Apperance of superior articular facets of C2? orientation?
Asymmetrical and slightly convex; backward, upward and lateral (BUL)
106
Orientation of inferior articuar facets of C2?
Forward, lateral and down (FoLD)
107
Classification of zygapophyseal joints of C2?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidia) joint
108
Muscles attaching to articular processes of C2?
Longissimus cervicis
109
Gender variation for transverse diameter of C2?
Males- 57milimeters; females ~50milimeters
110
Muscles attaching to transverse process of C2?
Levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii
111
Ligaments attaching to spinous process of C2?
Ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
112
Names of C7?
Vertebral prominens and vertebral prominence
113
Name of topographcal elevation observes at base of neck?
Vertebral prominence
114
Segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 more common in females and T1 more common in males
115
How many joint surfaces present at vertebral body of C7?
8
116
Joint classifications for vertebral body of C7?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and modified synovial saddle(diarthrosis sellar) joint
117
Muscle(s) attaching to vertebral body of C7?
Longus colli
118
Muscles attaching to transverse process of C7?
Middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracic, longissimus cervisis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
119
Feature typically present in transverse foramen of C7?
Vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
120
Orientation of superior articular facet of C7? Of inferior articular facet?
Backward, upward, medial (BUM); forward, medial, down (ForMeD)
121
Muscles attaching to articuar process of C7?
Longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinals cervicis and multifidis
122
Features of the spinous process of C7?
Long, horizontaal, nonbifid
123
Muscles attaching to spinous process of C7?
Trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus post. superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis
124
Ligaments attaching to spinous process of C7?
Ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligament
125
Vertebral artery on which side is larger?
Left vertebral artery
126
Gender bias regarding size of vertebral artery?
Men have larger vertebral arteries than women
127
Name of physical exam used to deturmine vertebral artery patency
Vertebroasilar artery insufficiency test
128
Side artery tested during corse of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
Ipsilateral artery on side of rotation
129
Symptoms of failure of vertebral artery to compensate during vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
Dizziness, vertigo, nausea common complaints
130
Vertebral artery typically a branch of which artery?
Subclavian artery
131
At what vertebral level will vertebral artery 1st becomes located in transverse foramen?
C6
132
Location where vertebral artery forms its 1st compensatory loop? 2nd compensatory loop?
Atlanto-axial interspace; atlanto-occipital interspace
133
Segments where vertebral artery firmly attaches to transverse foramen?
C1 &C2
134
Purpose of vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?
Increased length will accomidate greater rotation at these locations
135
What happens to the vertebral artery as it enters vertebral foramen of C1?
Adventitia of artery blends with dura mater and arachnoid mater ==》artery lies in subarachnoid space
136
What happens to vertebral artery as it enters subarachnoid space of C1?
Vertebral artery ascends along medulla oblongata to pontine-medullary jxn where right and left arteries unite to form basilar artery
137
Joint classifications at C7
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
138
What forms Boundaries for exit of C1 nerve from spinal canal?
Occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for vertebral artery, post. Atlanto-occipital ligament
139
What forms anterior boundary for exit of C2 nerve from spinal canal? Posterior boundary?
Inf. Articular process of C1, sup. Articular process of C2, capsular lig. ; post. Arch of C1, lamina of C2 and post. Atlanto-axial lig.
140
What forms anterior boundary for exit of nerves C3-C7 from spinal canal?
Vertebral bodies, IVD, post. Longitudinal lig. , unciate process, lat. Groove
141
What forms anterior boundary for exit of C8 nerve from spinal canal?
Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, IVD, post. Longitudinal lig. ,capsular lig.of the costocentral joint, sup. Costal facet of T1 and adticular surfsce of 1st rib
142
Superior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae? Inferior ?
C1 is backward, upward medial (BUM), C2 backward upward laterl (BUL ) C3-C7 backward upward medial (BUM)
C1 inf. Is backward downward medial (BMD) C2 -C6 is forward downward lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward downward medial (ForMeD)
143
Number of synovial joints for each cervical?
C1=5. C2=8. C3-6 =8. C7=6
144
Number of joints at vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1=none C2=10. C3-6=10. C7=8
