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Biology 101 Exam 2 > Exam 2- Cells > Flashcards

Exam 2- Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

The most common gradients are the result of concentration differences, therefore called

A

Concentration gradients

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2
Q

Molecules move naturally with gradients from areas of high to low concentration, and it requires no energy

A

Passive transport

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3
Q

Molecules can also be moved against gradients from areas of low to high concentration, it requires energy

A

Active transport

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4
Q

How do some molecules move passively into cells? Moves with concentration gradient and it’s small enough to pass through the bilayer molecules. Example: food coloring in water

A

Simple diffusion

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5
Q

Specific type of diffusion that involves water is called

A

Osmosis

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6
Q

Ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

A

Tonicity

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7
Q

Equal movement of water in and out of cells

A

Isotonic

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8
Q

Water goes into the cell and expands.

A

Hypotonic

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9
Q

Water goes out of the cell and shrinks

A

Hypertonic

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10
Q

A plant cell undergoes

A

Plasmolysis

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11
Q

Changes in cell shape can alter its ability to function, cells may have certain mechanisms in place in an attempt to maintain a proper water balance, also known as

A

Osmoregulation

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12
Q

Microorganisms pump water out to prevent lysis by osmotic water diffusion into the cell

A

Contractile vacuoles

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13
Q

Water content in the large central vacuole of plants help provide ___ on the cell walls

A

Turgor pressure

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14
Q

Loss of this pressure can cause wilting where the cells can become

A

Flaccid

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15
Q

The membrane is considered differentially or selectively permeable because

A

Membrane proteins can allow passage of certain select substances through the bilayer

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport aided by protein transporters

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17
Q

Proteins act as pumps to transport materials as an example of

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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18
Q

In some cases, active transport of one substance can be used to establish a
concentration gradient in order to power the transport of a second substance

A

Cotransport

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19
Q

One carrier builds a high concentration of a substance on one side of the membrane, the substance then moves back via facilitated diffusion through a ___ bringing along another substance

A

Symporter

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20
Q

If a substance is moved in the opposite direction of its partner, the carrier is called an

A

Antiporter

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21
Q

A region of the plasma membrane surrounds the material and pinches it off into a vesicle inside the cell

A

Endocytosis

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22
Q

Large particles are surrounded and engulfed is called

A

Phagocytosis

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23
Q

The extracellular fluid is surrounded and internalized is called

A

Pinocytosis

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24
Q

Materials first bind to outer receptors is called

A

Receptor-mediated

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25
Q

The particular biomolecule a receptor protein binds to is called

A

Ligand

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26
Q

The reverse process, secreted materials are released from the cell in this way is called

A

Exocytosis

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27
Q

A combination of endo and exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

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28
Q

Microtubules

A

The largest, composed of protein tubulin

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29
Q

Microtubule organizing center

A

Plant cells can have many, but fungi and animals have one
- In animals it is known as the centrosome

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30
Q

Kinesin

A

Protein motor protein

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31
Q

Cilia

A

Like haired structures

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32
Q

Primary cilium

A

Involved in signal reception

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33
Q

Flagella

A

Same as cilia but longer.

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34
Q

Axoneme

A

9+2 core structure of microtubules

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35
Q

Basal body

A

9+0 arrangement

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36
Q

Dynein

A

Links the multiple microtubule components of cilia together

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37
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest of the cytoskeletal components, they are composed of thin rods called actin

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38
Q

Thin rods called

A

Actin

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39
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Where cytosol is made to circulate throughout the cell

40
Q

Intermediary filaments

A

Are sized in between the other two filaments.

41
Q

Cellulose synthase

A

The cellulose is synthesized by enzymes in the plasma membrane

42
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Another polymer of glucose

43
Q

Pectin

A

A gel that fills the space between cellulose fibers

44
Q

Plant cells

A

Possess a single primary cell wall

45
Q

The space in between primary cell walls of adjacent cells is called the

A

Middle lamella

46
Q

Disrupt hydrogen bonds between celluloses so they can slide past each other and the wall can expand is called

A

Expansins

47
Q

Cells that are no longer expanding can deposit a

A

Secondary cell wall

48
Q

Lignin

A

Waterproofs the secondary wall, is hydrophobic

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Animal cells have ECM and are composed of collagen

50
Q

The collagen fibers are also bound to proteins in the ECM called

A

Fibronectins

51
Q

The fibronectin in turn, is connected to the cell surface by transmembrane proteins called

A

Integrins

52
Q

Protein strands that extend into and out of the cell
- the internal portion anchors to intermediate filaments

A

Desmosomes

53
Q

Proteins called _________ extend outward and interact with each other

A

Cadherins, holds adjacent cells together like Velcro.

54
Q

Tight junctions

A

Proteins that fuse together between the cell membrane, prevents leakage

55
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels that connect insides of cells, similar to air ducts

56
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Continuation of plasma membrane in adjacent cells, the plasma membrane is shared between cells

57
Q

How can the cell membrane transmit information from outside the cell to the
inside?

A

Signal transduction

58
Q

Proteins embedded in the membrane called

A

Signal Receptors

59
Q

They are called _ proteins because they bind GTP

A

G

60
Q

The product produced as a result of this enzyme being turned on acts as a

A

Secondary Messenger

61
Q

Activation of an enzyme called

A

Adenyly cyclase

62
Q

These messengers often activate

A

Protein kinases

63
Q

Cells are the smallest unit of life

A

True!

64
Q

the Cell Theory states three principles about cells, what are they?

A

a) all living things are made up of cells
b) a cell is the smallest unit of living things
c) all cells arise from pre-existing cells

65
Q

Cells are so small because

A

The have to get materials through the surfaces

66
Q

All cells share three main features, what are they?

A

a) they are surrounded by a plasma membrane (discussed previously)
b) they contain cytoplasm, the aqueous environment inside a cell
- the cytoplasm contains organelles; structures that can perform
specific cellular tasks
- most are membrane-bound, but not all
- the jelly-like fluid alone is referred to as cytosol
c) they contain DNA in the form of chromosomes

67
Q

Prokaryotic the DNA is called ___ and have ___

A

Nucleoid, and ribosomes

68
Q

Bacterial cell walls are made up of _____

A

Peptidoglycan

69
Q

Eukaryotic cells are composed of ____ or ____

A

Cellulose, or chitin

70
Q

Nucleus

A

the control center

71
Q

Importins

A

Protein that carries in the materials in the cell

72
Q

Exportins

A

Protein that takes the materials out of the cell

73
Q

What is the Rough ER?

A

Presence of bound ribosomes gives the surface a textured appearance

74
Q

What is the Smooth ER?

A

Site of membrane lipid synthesis, also gives presence have bound ribosomes gives the surface a smooth appearance.

75
Q

Transport vesicle (like a bubble made up of membrane)

A

90% of the time will go to the Golgi

76
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of flattened membrane sacs stacked together

77
Q

Cisternae

A

The walls of the Golgi

78
Q

CIsface

A

The receiving side of the Golgi

79
Q

Transface

A

The transferring side where it pinches off the protein out and into a cell

80
Q

Golgi will do an attachment of a _____ ____ and it acts like a zip code.

A

Carbohydrate tags

81
Q

SRP

A

Signal Recognition Particle

82
Q

Are bound ribosomes and free bound ribosomes the same?

A

Yes, the only difference is the location.

83
Q

The ER is?

A

An interconnected network of membrane based tunnels.

84
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breaks down the larger biomolecules

85
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Protective Role against R.O.S (reactive oxygen species)

86
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Breaks down photosynthesis byproducts.

87
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage compartments, in plant cells there only one large vacuole and in animal cells there are multiple ones involving storage.

88
Q

Plant cells have one big vacuole, it maintains what?

A

Turgor pressure

89
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic (requires oxygen gas) cellular respiration

90
Q

What does the Mitochondria have?

A

It’s own DNA + ribosomes.

91
Q

The folds, inner wall, and outer wall of the Mitochondria is called what?

A

Cristae, folds, and inter-membrane compartment

92
Q

Plastids

A

Site of the photosynthesis

93
Q

The membrane, inner space, and the inside stuff of the Plastid is what?

A

Thylakoid membrane, Stoma, and Lumen.

94
Q

Amyloplast

A

Stores starch

95
Q

Elaioplast

A

Stores oil

96
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Producing pigment, food and or storing pigment and food.

Biology 101 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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