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Biochemistry > Exam 2: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Exam 2: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 other names for carbohydrates

A

sugars, saccharides

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates made of , what is the formula

A

C, H, O (CH2O)n

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3
Q

What does n mean in the formula, what is the min

A

n= C must be at least 3

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4
Q

What are the functions of carbs

A

energy source: glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, ETC
structural mol: cell membrane surface
signaling mol: also cell membrane surface

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5
Q

What are the 7 types of rxns a carb can undergo

A

mutarotation: changes from alpha or beta to 6 or 5 member rings
oxidation: aldehyde or CH2OC can get oxidized or both.
reduction: aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols
isomerization: rearrangements
esterification: an alcohol with anything attached to it can get transferred onto the carb. PO4 and SO4 can get added.
glycoside formation: hemiacetal and alcohol create acetal. or aldehyde
glycosylation: a sugar can get attached to a protein or lipid. OH of anomeric C binds to N or O in proteins

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6
Q

Give examples of products of advanced and early glycosylation

A

early: carboxymethyllysine
advanced: pentosidine

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7
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharide derivatives

A

uronic acids: group of CH2OH is oxidized
amino sugars: replace 1+ OH with an amine or multiple amines.
deoxy sugars: removal of OH for H

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8
Q

What is an example of an lactone ring and why is it important

A

ascorbic acid vitamin C

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9
Q

What is an example of a product you can get from glycoside formation rxns

A

salicin (aspirin on steroids)

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of uronic acids where are they found

A

alpha-D-glucuronate produced in liver binds to big mols to make them more H2O sol
Beta-D-Iduronate: part of connective tissue helps with hydration

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11
Q

What effect comes with an amino sugar

A

more charged, attracts more H2O

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12
Q

What effect comes with an amino sugar

A

more charged, attracts more H2O

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13
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together to form a glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What are 2 important examples of disaccharides?

A

lactose: in milk
beta cellobiose: degradation of cellulose in plants
sucrose: table sugar

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15
Q

What kind of mol is lactose

A

a reducing sugar with a free anomeric C

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16
Q

Why is lactose important in digestion

A

lactose = glucose + galactose. enzyme lactase breaks down lactose in intestines. If your body no longer produces lactase enzymes, you are lactose intolerant

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17
Q

Where is the glycosidic bond in lactose located?

A

between OH of C1 on galactose and C4 on glucose

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

polymer of mono or disaccharides 15-1000

19
Q

What is an oligosaccharide

A

a mini polysaccharide with 5-15 monosaccharides

20
Q

What are the 2 types of oligosaccharides

A

1) attached by N-link at N and Asp in protein

1) o linked: attached to protein through O in Ser or Thr

21
Q

Name 4 important large polymers

A

starch: storage mol in plants
glycogen: storage molecule in mammals
cellulose: structural in plants
chitin: structural in exoskeletons

22
Q

What is a homopolymer

A

polysaccharide made of 1 type of monosaccharide repeated

23
Q

what is a heteropolymer

A

polysaccharide with 2+ different monosaccharides

24
Q

Are the 4 large polymers homopolymers of heteropolymers? of what repeated molecule

A

homopolymers of glucose

25
Q

What what is the polymer of chitin

A

N-acetyl glucose amine

26
Q

What shape does chitin have, what kinds of bonds form

A

long straight chains that stack and form H bonds, per unit they form beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

27
Q

What is the polymer of cellulose

A

glucose beta 1,4 glucose

28
Q

How are cellulose and chitin structurally different

A

cellulose does not have an acetyl amino group

29
Q

What shape is cellulose

A

long strands but more rigid

30
Q

Who is more rigid, cellulose or chitin, what makes them so rigid.

A

chitin is more. the beta 1.4 glycosidic bond allows for more H bonds in both mols

31
Q

of the 4 large polymers who is the most abundant on earth

A

cellulose

32
Q

What characteristics do both starch and glycogen have

A

act as glucose storage molecules
non reducing end (no anomeric C)
easier to break down than beta 1,4 linkage molecule

33
Q

What are the beta 1,4 linkage molecules and what are the alpha 1,4 linkage molecules

A

beta: cellulose and chitin

alpha glycogen and starch

34
Q

How are starch and glycogen different

A

starch can have kinks or branches every 20-25 monomers the bond is alpha 1,6 linkage
starch is in plants glycogen is in mammals
glycogen can have alpha 1,6 linkage every 8-12 monomers
glycogen is more compact and takes up less space

35
Q

What is the polymer for starch and glycogen

A

alpha 1,4 glucose

36
Q

What are the 2 forms of polysaccharides that can occur in starch

A

amylose: unbranched, alpha 1,4 linkage only (forms left handed helix)
amylopectin: branched with alpha 1,6 linkage as well as alpha 1,4 linkage

37
Q

where is glycogen found in mammals? Why is the structure convenient for mammals only?

A

mostly in liver and muscle cells. The compact structure makes energy mobilization from hydrolysis faster. compact structure also helps to be in mobile animal bodies

38
Q

What is a glycoconjugate

A

compounds that result from covalent linkages of carbs to both proteins and lipids

39
Q

What are the 2 types of glycoconjugates describe them

A

proteoglycans : mostly saccharides with some proteins

glycoproteins: mostly proteins with some saccharides

40
Q

What are the characteristics of proteoglycans

A

extremely high carb concentration
have GAG chains and N and O glycosidic linkages
produced in the golgi

41
Q

Question 7.5 which of the following sugars or sugar derivatives are reducing sugars? Which are capable of mutarotation?

a) glucose
b) fructose
c) alpha methyl G glucoside
d) sucrose

A

a) reducing can do mutarotation
b) reducing can do mutarotation
c) non reducing
d) non reducing

42
Q

What is an example of a glycoprotein that is on the surface of eukaryotic cells

A

CAM cell adhesion molecules.

43
Q

What are the functions of glycoproteins

A

blood clotting factors, hormones, membrane proteins and can be enzymes

44
Q

What are the roles of galactose, glucose and fructose in living organisms

A

glucose: primary fuel for living cells
fructose: often used as sweetening agent in food.
galactose: synthesis of biomolecules like lactose.

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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