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Z-Advanced A&P I > Exam 2 - Brain and Spine Anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Brain and Spine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are superior and inferior?

A
  • Superior - higher in altitude or towards head
  • Inferior - lower in altitude or towards feet
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2
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is dorsal and ventral?

A
  • Dorsal (posterior) - back of body (dorsal fin on a shark)
  • Ventral (anterior) - front of the body
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3
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are medial and lateral?

A
  • Medial - towards midline
  • Lateral - away from midline
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4
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are rostral and caudal?

A
  • Rostral - up and to the front (beak)
  • Caudal - down and to the rear (tail)
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5
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is distal and proximal?

A
  • Distal - further from CNS
  • Proximal - closer to the CNS
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6
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is superficial and deep?

A
  • Superficial - towards skin
  • Deep - away from skin, towards tissue
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7
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Seperates the left and right sides of the body

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8
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the coronal plane?

A

Seperates the anterior and posterior parts of the body

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9
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Seperates superior and inferior

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10
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the oblique plane?

A

Any plane this is at an odd angle.

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11
Q

What region is indicated by 1 on the figure below?

A

The Telencephalon

Consists of cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What region is indicated by the 2 in the figure below?

A

The Diencephalon

Thalamus and hypothamalus

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13
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay center, sends communication signals

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors, temperature sensors, infection sensors

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15
Q

What region is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?

A

The midbrain (mesencephalon)

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16
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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17
Q

What is a groove and deep groove called in the brain?

A

Sulcus and fissure

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18
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A lump of tissue that is seperated by sulcus

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19
Q

What structure is denoted by 2 on the image?

A

Central Sulcus

Seperates frontal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

What lobe does thinking occur in?

A

Frontal lobe

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21
Q

What lobe does sensation occur in?

A

Parietal lobe

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22
Q

What structure is denoted by 9 in the image below?

A

The Temporolateral Sulcus

Seperates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

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23
Q

What structure is denoted by purple line on the image below?

A

The Longitudinal Fissure

Seperates left and right hemispheres

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24
Q

What lobe does vision processing occur in?

A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

What lobe does auditory processing happen in?

A

Temporal lobe

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26
Q

What structure is indicated by 6 on the image below?

A

Diencephalon

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27
Q

What structure is indicated by 9 on the image below? What is its function?

A

Corpus Callosum.

The corpus callosum connects the left and right sides of the brain.

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28
Q

What region is indicated by 7 on the image below?

A

Wernicke’s area; language comprehension and intelligence.

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29
Q

What region is indicated by 9 on the image below? What lobe is this located in? Why is that important?

A

Broca’s area; word formation.

Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe. Decision making regarding what words to say occurs in the front lobe because you have to “think before you speak”.

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30
Q

What structure is denoted by 1 on the picture? What is this areas function?

A

Precentral Gyrus

Primary motor cortex

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31
Q

What structure is denoted by 3 on the image?

A

Post Central Gyrus

Somatosensory cortex

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32
Q

What region is indicated by 8 on the image below?

A

Limbic Association Area

Behavior, emotions, and motivation region

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33
Q

What is contained in white matter?

A

Myelinated neurons and axons (sending and recieving messages)

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34
Q

What is contained in grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated neurons and cell bodies of multipolar neurons (decision makers)

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35
Q

What structure of the brain is being indicated by 7 on the image below?

A

White matter

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36
Q

What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?

A

The cerebral cortex (aka gray matter)

Blood supply is close to grey matter

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37
Q

What structure is indicated by the green box in the figure below? What does this structure do?

A
  • Lamina X (10)
  • This structure is the “crossover” point of the spinal cord. Similar to the Corpus Callosum of the Brain.
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38
Q

What structure is indicated by the pink box in the figure below? What does this structure do?

A

Anterior White Commissure (This is a crossover for communication between left and right sides of the CNS).

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39
Q

What is the structure that seperates the posterior left and right sides of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior median fissure

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40
Q

What is the structure seperates the left and right sides of the anterior spinal cord? Why is it wider than its posterior counterpart?

A

Anterior median fissure

Much wider than posterior median fissure due to presence of anterior spinal artery.

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41
Q

What structure is indicated by the blue arrow in the figure below? What does this structure do?

A

The central canal of the spinal cord. This structure carries CSF through the cord via cilliated cells from the brain to the end of the cord.

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42
Q

What are the areas circled below? What is important about this?

A

Dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Sensory information enters here from posterior rootlets

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43
Q

What are the areas circled below? What is important about these?

A

Ventral horns of spinal cord

Motor function exits here

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44
Q

Where does the blood supply to the spinal arteries come from?

A

Branches of the intercostal arteries

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45
Q

What structure is noted by 1 below?

How many of these are there?

How much of the spinal cord is perfused by these?

A
  • Posterior Spinal Artery
  • Two
  • 25%
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46
Q

What structure is noted by 5 below?

What is the name of the fissure that this artery runs in?

What percent of blood flow to the spinal cord flows from here?

A
  • Anterior Spinal Artery
  • Anterior Median Fissure
  • 75% of Blood Flow
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47
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below?

A

Posterior Rootlets

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48
Q

What direction does information travel in the blue shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?

A
  • Ascending spinal tracts (PNS → CNS)
  • Sensory information is carried
  • These are afferent

Information enters the dorsal horn (grey matter) and then moves over to the white matter to ascend to the brain

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49
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?

A

Spinal Nerve

Anterior and posterior information combined

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50
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?

A

Anterior root

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51
Q

What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?

A

Anterior Rootlets

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52
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What is it comprised of?

A
  • Posterior Root Ganglion
  • Collection of pseudounipolar cell bodies
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53
Q

Why is there no anterior spinal root ganglion?

A

Because they are comprised of motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

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54
Q

What direction does information travel in the red/orange shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?

A
  • These are descending spinal tracts (CNS → PNS)
  • Motor information
  • These are efferent
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55
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there? How many cervical spinal nerves are there and where are they located?

A
  • 7 vertebrae
  • 8 spinal nerve pairs
  • C1 nerve above C1 vertebrae, C2 below C1, C3 below C2, etc.
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56
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?

A
  • 12 vertebrae
  • 12 spinal nerve pairs
  • Each nerve underneath each vertebrae
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57
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?

A
  • 5 vertabrae
  • 5 pairs of spinal nerves
  • Each nerve is located underneath each vertebrae
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58
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?

A
  • 5 vertebrae at birth that fuse into 1
  • 5 pairs of spinal nerves
  • Located underneath where each vertebrae origanlly was
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59
Q

How many coccygeal vertabrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?

A
  • 4 vertebrae at birth that fuse into 2 (2,3,4 fuse to form 1 vertebrae)
  • 1 pair of spinal nerves
  • Underneath the first coccygeal vertebrae
60
Q

Where in the spine do we have lordosis or anterior curvature (convex)?

A

Cervical and lumbar spine

61
Q

Where in the spine do we have kyphosis or posterior curvature (concave)?

A

Thoracic and sacral spine

62
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

63
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Combination of kyphosis and scoliosis

64
Q

What shape is our spine when we are born?

A

Kyphotic curvature

65
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 on this figure?

A

Vertebral Body

Smaller in cervical than lumbar (not supporting as much weight)

66
Q

What structure is the arrow pointing to?

67
Q

What structure is the arrow pointing to?

68
Q

What is the brown structure within the box?

A

Vertebral arch

Encases the spinal cord

69
Q

What structure is indicated by 5 on this figure?

A

Spinous Process

70
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 on this figure?

A

Transverse Process

71
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 on this figure?

A

Superior Articular Process

Connect vertebrae

72
Q

What structure is indicated by 7 on this figure?

A

Inferior Articular Process

Connect vertebrae

73
Q

What is the circled structue? What is its function?

A

Vertebral notch, where spinal nerves exit spine

74
Q

What structure is indicated by 6 on this figure? What is the grey section?

A
  • Inferior Articular Facet
  • Cartiledge inside of the joint
75
Q

What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?

A

Superior Articular Facet

76
Q

What is the circled structure?

A

Vertebral foramen

Larger at the top of the spine than at the bottom

77
Q

What is the name of the circled structure? Where are these located?

A
  • Bifid spinous process
  • C2-C5, C6 (50% of people), C7 (0.3% of people)
78
Q

What is the name of the circled structures? What goes through these? What is the exception?

A
  • Transverse foramen
  • Vertebral arteries
  • C7 has transverse foramen but the vertebral arteries do not pass through them
79
Q

What is the circled structure? What is its purpose?

A
  • Transverse process sulcus
  • Spinal nerves pass through
80
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below? Which vertebrae is this?

A

Anterior Arch

C1, has no vertebral body

81
Q

What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?

A

Anterior Tubercle

82
Q

What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?

A

Facet for Dens

83
Q

What is the name of the structure indicated in the picture below? What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure? What is this structures function?

A
  • C2 (Axis)
  • The Dens Process
  • Connects C1 and C2, acts a swivel
84
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?

A

The Posterior Arch

85
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?

A

The Posterior Tubercle

C1 does not have spinous process

86
Q

What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below? What does this connect to? What does this structure allow to happen?

A
  • Superior Articular Facet
  • The occiptal condyles
  • Nodding of the head
87
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Foramen Magnum

88
Q

What are the indicated structures?

A

Occipital condyles

89
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Occiptal bone

90
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?

A

Inferior Articular Facet of the Axis

91
Q

What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?

A

Superior articular facet of the Axis

92
Q

What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?

A

Anterior Articular Facet of the Dens

93
Q

What structure is indicated below?

A

Posterior articular facet of C2

94
Q

What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?

A

The Transverse Foramen of the Axis

95
Q

What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

This structure runs the length of the spinal cord, adding strength and stability to the vertebral bodies.

96
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

97
Q

What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?

A

Intertransverse Ligaments

98
Q

What structure is indicated by the 5 on the figure below?

A

Supraspinous Ligament

99
Q

What structure is indicated by the 3 on the figure below?

A

Interspinous ligaments

100
Q

What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below? What sets this ligament apart from the other spinous ligaments? What procedure involves this ligament?

A
  • Ligamenta Flava
  • This ligament is stretchy and made of elastin as opposed to collagen.
  • Epidurals pierce this ligament to reach the epidural space of the spinal cord.
101
Q

What is significant about the indicated structure?

A

Many people have incomplete fusion of the ligamentum flava at midline. This can make it hard to determine needle depth if going midline, may be better to approach at an angle of 15.

102
Q

What structure is indicated by the 10 on the figure below? What is it comprised of?

A
  • Nuchal Ligament
  • Interspinous ligaments
103
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Anterior alanto-occipital ligament

104
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Posterior alanto-occipital ligament

105
Q

What is the indicated structure? What connects here?

A
  • External occipital protuberance
  • The nuchal and supraspinous ligaments
106
Q

What is the marker called? What creates it?

A
  • Vertebral prominens
  • C7 spinous process (textbook answer), T1 spinous process is larger and probably contributes more
107
Q

What is significant about the thoracic spinous processes?

A

They are situated at a very steep angle which makes it hard to approach midline with a needle.

108
Q

Why don’t you see many thoracic spine injuries?

A

The thoracic vertebrae have many anchoring strucures to keep it stabilized (ribs, thoracic cavity)

109
Q

What 2 structures are circled?

A

Superior and inferior costal facets

110
Q

What ribs are floating ribs? Why are they called that?

A
  • Rib pairs 11 and 12.
  • They are not connected to the rest of the ribs and only have one small connection each on the thoracic vertebrae
111
Q

What is the indicated structure?

112
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Xiphoid process

113
Q

What is the indicated structure?

A

Body of the sternum

114
Q

How are the ribs connected to the sternum? Why is this important?

A
  • By costal cartilege
  • Helps add flexibility and prevent crush injuries
115
Q

What are the true ribs? Why?

A
  • Ribs 1-7
  • They are connected to the sternum directly via cartilege
116
Q

What are the false ribs? Why?

A
  • Ribs 8-10
  • They are not directly connected to the sternum, they connect to the costal cartilege on rib 7.
117
Q

What is the circled structure?

A

The costotransverse joint. The costal tubercle of the rib connects to the costal facet on the transverse process.

118
Q

Describe the shape of the thoracic vertebral bodies?

A

They are heart shaped, the left side is flatter because of the aorta.

119
Q

Why is the lumbar spine a popular space for epidurals/spinals?

A

The spinous processes are not as large and steeply positioned. They are easily moved out of the way when the patient leans forward. There is also no concern of hitting the cord after L1.

120
Q

What is the circled structure? What runs through this?

A
  • Intervertebral foramen
  • spinal nerves exit
121
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?

A

The Sacral Promontory

122
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is indicated by these structures?

A

Transverse Lines of the Sacrum

This is where the vertebrae were prior to fusion

123
Q

What structure is indicated by the 1 below?

A

The Sacral Canal

124
Q

What structures are indicated by 4 in the figure below? What should be known about these structures?

A

These are the Anterior Sacral Foramina

The spinal nerves exit here

125
Q

What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about these structures?

A

Posterior sacral foramina

The spinal nerves that exit here

126
Q

What structure is indicated by the 6 below? How was this formed?

A
  • Median Sacral Crest
  • Fusion of the spinous processes
127
Q

What structure is indicated by the 5 below? How is it formed?

A
  • The Lateral Sacral Crest
  • Fusion of the transverse processes
128
Q

What structure is indicated by the 7 below? How is it formed?

A
  • Medial Sacral Crest
  • Fusion of the superior and inferior articular processes
129
Q

What structure is indicated by the 8 below? What comes out of this structure? What is important to know about this structure for anesthesia?

A

Sacral Hiatus

Coccygeal nerves and S5 nerves exit here

Anesthetics can be given here to block lower body innervation

130
Q

What structures are indicated by the 9 below?

A

Sacral Cornua

131
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? If a line was drawn between this structure on the identical structure on the right, what landmark would be indicated?

A

Iliac Crest

A line drawn from crest-to-crest would sit right on the L4 vertebral body, used for epidurals

132
Q

What structure is indicated by the 3 below? What is this marker used for?

A
  • Posterior-Superior and Inferior Iliac Spines
  • Find marker, drop down and over 1 cm to access S2 sacral foramina

These are easily visible

S1 foramina is opened to the side and more difficult to hit

133
Q

What structure is indicated by the 1 below?

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

134
Q

What structure is indicated by the 2 below?

A

Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine

135
Q

What structure is indicated by the 8 below?

A

Pubic Tubercle

Not really palpable

136
Q

What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about this ligament? Where at the attachments for this ligament?

A

Inguinal Ligament

This ligament is palpable even in obese patients, obese patients may have fold over this.

This ligament connects the anterior-superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

137
Q

What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What does it connect?

A
  • Iliolumbar Ligament
  • L4 and L5 transverses to posterior pelvis
138
Q

What structure is indicated by the 5 below?

A

Pubic Symphysis

139
Q

What ligament is represented by 1 on the figure below?

A

Supraspinous Ligament

140
Q

What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? Where is it stronger?

A

Anulus Fibrosus

Stronger anteriorly due to crosshatch pattern

141
Q

What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What is it’s purpose?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

Gel-like providing shock absorption and flexibility

142
Q

What structure is indicated by the 3 below?

A

Hyaline Cartilage End-Plate

143
Q

What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What should be known about the anterior of this structure?

A

Anterior Anulus Fibrosus

It is much stronger than the Posterior Anulus Fibrosus

144
Q

What pathophysiology is indicated below? Why do these usually occur postero-laterally? How can this be fixed?

A
  • Disc Herniation (Nucleus pulposus herniation out of anulus fibrosus) with impinged nerve
  • The anulus fibrosus is weaker postero-laterally.
  • Discectomy, vertebral fusion, or laminectomy (creates more space in intervertebral foramen for impinged nerve)
145
Q

How old may CSF be in the dural sac?

A

May be 48 hours old

Z-Advanced A&P I (12 decks)

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