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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2-Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Mania, etc. > Flashcards

Exam 2-Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Mania, etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Describe features of panic disorder

A
  • Panic attack comes out of nowhere
  • Become frequent
  • Person becomes afraid of having them in the future
  • Start to avoid public places or places where they might have one
  • Can lead to agoraphobia (fear of open places)
  • Fear is that they can’t get to some sort of safe place
  • Fear is of their own physiological arousal (the panic attack) it’s a fear of experiencing a physical reaction
  • notice physiological arousal more than others (fear of fear)
  • anxiety sensitivity, focus on internal arousal
  • create catastrophic attribution (they think the worst)
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2
Q

suffers of panic disorder are essentially afraid of

A

they are afraid of their own fear response.

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3
Q

Describe Social Phobia

A
  • Experience persistent, intense social fears
  • Either specific social phobia, or more generalized phobia
  • status differential, dating, speeches, friends
  • negative interpretation of social interactions
  • looks for all the mistakes they made and magnify them, and think about them over and over again
  • ruminate about situations that they have been in (post event processing)
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4
Q

Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

GAD described in one word: “Worried.”
Persistent and chronic worry
Worry about everything
Excessive and uncontrollable. They can’t shut it off.
-Contemplating some future negative outcome. “What if”
-Chronically stressed, elevated cortisol levels

Headaches, higher blood pressure, weight fluctuations, concentration. stomach aches, GI problems, insomnia
-Minimum of 6 months, must be excessive, about a number of different things

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5
Q

How high is comorbidity for GAD?

A

Very high comorbidity-up to 50%.

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6
Q

What are specific phobias?

A

A particular stimuli that’s not accounted for by another disorder (claustrophobia, animal phobia, clown phobia, etc).

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7
Q

Most common specific phobias are:

A

Spiders
Snakes
Heights

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8
Q

what two things can lead to specific trauma?

A

social learning

traumatic experience

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9
Q

What is the only phobia where one is prone to fainting?

A

Blood/Injury/Injection Phobia

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10
Q

Treatment suggestions for blood/injury/injection phobias are:

A

Teach muscle tension to increase muscle tension to prevent fainting.

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11
Q

Describe Separation anxiety Disorder

A

S.A.D-outside of the window of what is considered developmentally appropriate (9 or 10 years old, not a 2 year old)

- parents may play a significant role in this
- may reinforce this
- good news: many kids outgrow it
- bad news: can take awhile, kids are at risk for other disorders
- panic disorder seems to be linked to S.A.D
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12
Q

Describe selective mutism

A

Selective mutism

- refuse to speak in certain situations
- typically out of social fear
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13
Q

Where is PTSD now in the DSM Five?

A

Trauma chapter (used to be in anxiety chapter)

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14
Q

Prevalance of Anxiety Disorders

A

One year: 18.1%

Lifetime: 28.8%

As a family of disorders, this is probably the most common psychiatric problem (single most common disorder would be depression).

75% lifetime comorbidity rate for 2nd anxiety disorder

50% lifetime comorbidity rate for depression
With comorbidity of anxiety and depression, usually people report the anxiety before the depression.

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15
Q

What is the most common psychiatric problem as a family of disorders?

A

Anxiety disorder

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16
Q

PTSD-is in part an anxiety disorder that needs a _______ of ______ days to be diagnosed

A

-MINIMUM of 30 days

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17
Q

symptoms of PTSD include:

A
  • Symptoms: Anger, depression, mood disturbance, nightmares, flashbacks and intrusive imagery, avoidance, depersonalization(feeling you’re not yourself), derealization (Feeling like the world is not real)
    • thought suppression-the more you try to push them out, the more they pop up
    • instead, allow yourself to experience it. Then, it will have less of an impact on you
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18
Q

What PTSD treatment works very well?

A

-exposure. Works extremely well.

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19
Q

What is Acute Stress Disorder

A
  • People who experience trauma between day 2 and day 30.
    • Same symptoms as PTSD but they haven’t reached the month criteria
    • Sometimes, the symptoms subside, and sometimes they persist
    • person may recover with minimal intervention
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20
Q

What is adjustment disorder?

A
  • Are stressed and showing some kind of disruptions but don’t meet criteria for other disorders.
    • Many people recover over time, it is usually stress driven
    • in direct response to a stressor
    • showing depressed move, anxiety, conduct, bereavement (death of a loved one)
    • bereavement (can set off a depressive episode)
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21
Q

-muscle dysmporphia focuses on what

A

(usually males) obsessed about muscularity

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22
Q

Describe Bipolar I Disorder

A

Presence of a manic or mixed episode

Presence of a depressive episode (not necessary for diagnosis)

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23
Q

what is a mixed episode?

A

People who simultaneously meet depressive and manic disorder

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24
Q

describe manic episode

A

Distinct period of an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Duration-one week minimum

25
Q

One manic episode____________________

A

One manic episode takes you out of depression and puts you in bipolar disorder

26
Q

Symptoms of Mania:

A
  • inflated self esteem
  • decreased need for sleep
  • rapid/pressured speech
  • distractibility/poor concentration
  • increased in goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation
  • excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high risk for painful consequences
  • fidgety (psychomotor agitation)
  • racing thoughts/flight of ideas-jump from one topic to the next
27
Q

Bipolar I Prevalence

A
  • Lifetime prevalence .5 to 1%
    • No gender differences in prevalence
    • Less cross cultural differences
    • probably more of a genetic component
    • onset is usually late adolescence or early adulthoo
28
Q

course of bipolar episode

A
  • often chronic
    • about 75% exhibit poor functioning following a manic episode
    • Deficits in social & occupational functioning
29
Q

Bipolar II Disorder: Required for diagnosis:

A

History of one documented hypomanic episode AND one major depressive episode

30
Q

Symptoms of Bipolar II

A
  • No full manic episode
    • Hypomanic episode (4 days of symptoms)
    • Major depressive episode necessary for diagnosis
31
Q

Which of the following disorders require a major depressive episode:

a. bipolar II
b. Bipolar II
c. Both

A

Answer: Bipolar II

32
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

2 years of Symptoms

  • hypomanic episodes
  • depressive symptoms
  • No longer than 2 months without experiencing symptoms
  • probably fits more of the stereotype disorders
  • almost like a low-grade chronic bipolar disorder
33
Q

Name one extra credit word

A

hippo

34
Q

Primary feature of schizophrenia is

A

psychosis-

35
Q

what is psychosis-

A

a significant loss of contact with reality

36
Q

Core symptoms of schizophrenia include:

A

2 or more of the following are present for at least one month:

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms
37
Q

Hallucinations are _____________ delusions are _________

A

hallucinations are sensory based-delusions are belief based

38
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

positive symptoms-above and beyond what other people experience-additional symptoms

39
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

negative symptoms-things that are missing

40
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia-excess or distortion in typical behavior and/or experiences:

A
  • Delusions
    • Hallucinations
    • Disorganized speech
    • Disorganized behavior
41
Q

Negative symptoms-absence or deficit of typical behaviors:

A

Flat or blunted affect

- Absence of speech (alogia)
- Limited goal-directed activity (avolition)
- Anhedonia
42
Q

phases of a schizophrenic episode are

A

Prodromal Phase-symptoms are coming

Acute phase-worst part

Residual Phase-after the acute phase, symptoms don’t usually leave

43
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

rapid onset
lasts less than a month
stress related
recovery prognosis=may recover fully and never have one again

44
Q

Delusional disorder subtype includes

A

subtype: Erotomania-believe they have a special connection/relationship with someone they have never met

45
Q

Schizophrenia-

Age and Gender factors:

A

onset- typically late teens to early 20’s, females mid up to late 20’s
Women who develop schizophrenia have a more favorable course
Men often exhibit more negative symptoms

46
Q

Second extra credit word:

A

saber tooth kangaroo

47
Q

Treatment and Outcome for schizophrenia

A

Novel antipsychotics
less extrapyramidal side effects (motor abnormality)

activity at dopamine and serotonin receptor sites

examples: Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Abilify

Psychosocial approaches include:
Case Management
Social-skills training
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Family Therapy
48
Q

diathesis stress model views disorders as…

A

they believe certain individuals have a biological vulnerability toward developing the disorder- a vulnerability that is brought to the surface by psychological and sociocultural factors.

49
Q

stress hormones are known as

A

corticosteroids

50
Q

What events might make Acute and PTSD occur?

A 
Disasters
Victimization
Sexual Assault
Terrorism
Torture
51
Q

most common treatments for combat veterans with PTSD or Acute stress

A 
drug therapy
behavioral exposure techniques
insight therapy
family therapy
group therapy
typically are combined
52
Q

one form of exposure therapy for PTSD is

A

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

53
Q

what is unipolar depression?

A

Depression without a history of mania

54
Q

two chemicals linked to unipolar depression are

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

55
Q

biological treatments for unipolar depression include

A

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

56
Q

which medications work for anxiety disorders?

A
  • Psychotherapy and medication work about equally well
  • Tricyclic antidepressants
  • SSRI’s seem to work (in higher doses). Not all antidepressants work for all anxiety disorders.
  • Benzodiazepine (xanax, valium)-increase gaba activity
    • Good news is that they work!
    • negatives are that they can be habit forming
    • withdrawal can be dangerous
    • rebound effect-very anxious, at risk for seizures
    • can become extremely reinforcing
    • Benzos and alcohol-can kill you.
  • SNRIs
  • increasing gaba-slows down nervous system
  • Beta Blockers
    • social phobia is the only one it seems to really work
57
Q

difference between bipolar I and bipolar II

A

Bipolar I has a presence of a manic episode or a history of mania
Bipolar II has a presence or history of major depressive disorder, presence of hypomanic episodes but NO history of mania and significant distress or impairment

58
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder

A

milder form of bipolar continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks

Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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