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Exam 2 > Exam 2 bio 310 > Flashcards

Exam 2 bio 310 Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capturing sunlight energy to build glucose from CO2 and H2O.
sunlight energy—->stored chemical energy

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2
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

CO2+H2O+SUNLIGHT—->PIGMENTS
(REACTANTS)

PIGMENTS—->GLUCOSE+O2
(PRODUCTS)

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3
Q

Two steps of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light dependent reactions
    2.light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
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4
Q

Energy that all cells use

A

ATP

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5
Q

DNA

A

code for all of life’s activities

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6
Q

proteins

A

string of amino acids

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7
Q

3 kinds of proteins

A
  1. structural protein
    2.transport proteins
    3.enzymes-help to build up/break down macromolecules
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8
Q

Gene expression

A

Building a specific protein from a specific gene.

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9
Q

transcription

A

copy a small part of DNA and create messenger RNA (mRNA)

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10
Q

translation

A

ribosome uses mRNA to build a string of Amino acids

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11
Q

monomer is…

A

nucleotide

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12
Q

DNA and RNA is 3 parts

A

sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base

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13
Q

3 kinds of RNA

A

Messenger RNA-nucleus to cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA-builds proteins
Transfer RNA-in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Codon

A

3 letter code on mRNA

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15
Q

cookbook:
amino acid?
gene?
gene expression?
protein?
DNA?
mRNA?
tRNA?
rRNA?

A

amino acids-ingredients
gene-recipe
gene expression-making the recipe
protein-dish
DNA- entire cookbook
mRNA- copy of a single recipe
tRNA- assistant chef for each ingredient
rRNA-Head chef

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16
Q

Anticodon

A

3 letter code on tRNA

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17
Q

Transcription

A

DNA turns into mRNA. Uses a gene to build a piece of mRNA in nucleus

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18
Q

steps of transcription

A

1.opens small section of DNA double helix
2.initiation
3.elongation-adds matching base pairs to DNA
4.Termination-RNA enzyme reaches stop codon

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19
Q

Translation

A

mRNA turns into protein

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20
Q

steps of translation

A

1.reads 1st three nitrogen bases on mRNA
2.Ribosome grabs a tRNA with a matching anticodon and amino acid
3.reads next codon
4.grabs a 2nd tRNA to match second codon
5. ribosome bonds adjacent amino acids
6. repeat this process until it reaches stop codon.

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21
Q

DNA code is ..

A

redundant

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22
Q

DNA code is not ..

A

ambiguous

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23
Q

How can a cell control which genes are expressed?

A

Gene regulation. ex: skin cell proteins vs pancreas cell proteins

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24
Q

gene regulation steps

A
  1. condense or open up DNA
    2.Transcription initiation (enhancers and repressors)
  2. mRNA degradation
  3. protein processing and degradation
    5.RNA processing
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25
Q

DNA mutations

A

mistake in DNA code

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26
Q

DNA is a universal code

A

ex: tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene and a pig expressing a jellyfish gene

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27
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes, inheritance and variation

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28
Q

gene

A

section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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29
Q

chromosome

A

coiled piece of DNA

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30
Q

how many chromosomes in a human?

A

46 or 23 pairs

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31
Q

Genome

A

all of the DNA for a species

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32
Q

human genome

A

mapped in 2003 we have 25,000 genes

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33
Q

genotype

A

genetic code of a specific individual

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34
Q

phenotype

A

the physical and behavioral traits of organism
ex:eye color
ex: weight

35
Q

gene expression

A

when a specific gene is actually transcribed and translated into a protein or when it is “on”

36
Q

nature vs. nurture debate

A

how much of our behavior is due to genetics and how much is due to our environment.

37
Q

epigenetics

A

a system of controls for which genes are expressed in each cell

38
Q

allele

A

a particular version of a gene

39
Q

carrier

A

individual who is heterozygous with a recessive allele

40
Q

pedigree

A

shows genetics through multiple generations

41
Q

non-mendelian genetics

A

codominant alleles and incomplete dominance

42
Q

dominance

A

if heterozygous phenotype is based on dominant allele

43
Q

codominance

A

if heterozygous both alleles are expressed

44
Q

incomplete dominance

A

if heterozygous individuals have an intermediate phenotype between the dominant and recessive phenotypes

45
Q

polygenic traits

A

phenotypes that are due to the interaction of several genes

46
Q

genetic diversity

A

all the possible allele combinations in a species

47
Q

the cell cycle

A

the life cycle of the cell

48
Q

mitosis

A

split up copy DNA between two new cells

49
Q

cytokinesis

A

when a single cell physically splits into two cells

50
Q

cell replacement rates

A

skin cells-every two weeks
red blood cells-every 4 months
stomach lining cells-every two days
nerve cells-never

51
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA makes a complete copy of itself and this occurs during s step of interphase

52
Q

DNA nitrogen bases

A

adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

53
Q

DNA replication steps

A

step one-Start (helicase attaches to double helix)
step 2- unzipping (helicase breaks the nitrogen base bonds)
step 3- base pairing (DNA enzymes adds new nucleotides using base pairing rules)
step 4-End ( enzymes continue for the entire length of the piece of DNA)

54
Q

mitosis and cytokinesis step by step

A

the process of taking one cell and creating two genetically identical cells

55
Q

mitosis

A

asexual reproduction

56
Q

chromosome

A

tightly coiled piece of DNA

57
Q

cellular reproduction steps for mitosis

A

step 1: prophase/prometaphase( chromosomes align at the metaphase plate)
step 2: metaphase (daughter chromosomes separate)
step 3: Anaphase (daughter cells form)
step 4:telophase (daughter nuclei are genetically identical to parent cell)

58
Q

meiosis

A

specialized type of cellular reproduction to produce gametes for sexual reproduction

59
Q

cellular reproduction steps for meiosis

A

prophase 1-synopsis and crossing over occurs
metaphase Homologous align independently
anaphase 1-homologues separate
telophase 1-daughter cells form
prophase 2-telophase 2– daughter chromosomes separate and daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parent cell

60
Q

what is cancer

A

unrestricted cellular or constant mitosis reproduction

61
Q

haploid

A

a cell that has half the normal amount of DNA

62
Q

diploid

A

a cell that has the normal amount of DNA

63
Q

what is biotechnology

A

manipulation of living organisms or their products for our benefit

64
Q

examples of biotechnology

A

domestication of pigs horses or cows. development of agricultural crops

65
Q

Omics

A

systems biology at the molecular/cellular level

66
Q

bioinformatics

A

using computers and automation to speed analysis of large volumes of biological data.
ex: fast computers, robots or automated sequencers

67
Q

genomics

A

the study of genomes.
ex: mouse genome, corn genome or human genome

68
Q

human genome project

A

13-year project to map out the human genome

69
Q

comparative genomics

A

compare the similarities and differences in the genetic code of different species

70
Q

what does it take to get a genome

A

it takes $7,500 and 3 weeks

71
Q

functional genomics

A

figuring out the purpose of each gene

72
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has one or more genes from a different species in it

73
Q

gene chips

A

quick and cheap way to show what jeans are being expressed in specific cell types.

74
Q

personal genomics

A

looking at your own individual genome

75
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

used to ID criminals, missing persons, paternity, etc

76
Q

transcriptomics

A

study of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and all the other non-coding RNA.

77
Q

proteomics

A

study of all the proteins made by an organism including both structure and function

78
Q

what can the study of proteomics help with

A

identifying the building blocks of different proteins and identifying their connections

79
Q

gene therapy

A

identify a disease causing allele then replace or supplement disease causing allele with a healthy version

80
Q

two methods of gene therapy

A

ex vivo and in vivo

81
Q

genetically modified organisms

A

organisms with altered DNA

82
Q

what does CRISPR do

A

it cuts DNA with accuracy

83
Q

why would we need gene drive safety measures

A

so you can eliminate diseases carried by a species

84
Q

biomimicry

A

this is the design of biotechnology by mimicking nature.
ex: creating structures mimicking ecosystems

Exam 2 (1 decks)

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