Exam 2: Beef Industry Flashcards
1900
1st international livestock expansion- Chicago
1911
USFS authorized to purchase 2M acres per year for 5 years
1920
Tractors
1904
1st livestock auction barn- Union Iowa
1912
1st AI (Russia)
1929
Last FMD outbreak in the US
1936
Charolais introduced
1940
WW11 60-80% of beef went to troops
1960
transportation shifts from rails to trucks, packing plants are built near feedlots
1985
Beef Promotion and Research Act becomes law
1989
EEC imposes a hormone ban on US Beef
1952
frozen semen
1967
Boxed Beef Introduction
1986
“War on Fat” is launched
What is the average birth weight of a calf?
70 pounds
What does the “first milk” provide for a newborn calf?
nutrition and immunity
What is a calfs gut for the first 24 hours?
porous
Dystocia is the generic term for
difficult birth
There is no rumen microbial population at birth, it develops with
the 1st forage the calf consumes
What day does a cow need to become pregnant?
82
Why are 1st calf heifers the most difficult to manage?
They are not fully matured, have a calf by side, lactating, and require supplementation
How long is a calf by cows side?
7 months
What is the standard weaning length for calves?
205 days
What is the average weaning weight?
600 lbs
“Stock phase” for calves means
this period has cheap gains (usually high % forage)
How many days do cattle need on high energy feed to transition to white fat?
100 days
When are cattle harvested? Is it efficient?
past the inflection point this is less efficient (fat=nutrient dense 2.25X)
Why are cattle harvested past the inflection point?
To ensure marbling deposition
What is cattle dressing percentage?
63% (1500# live weight X 63% DP= 945 HCW
HCW
Hot Carcass Weight
What is removed from cattle during slaughter?
98% blood
Head
Hooves
Hide
Internal Organs besides Kidneys
When are beef carcasses usually graded?
24 hours post-harvest
Define Ribbed Down
split between 12th and 13th ribs to assess marbling
Only A & B (9-30 months and 30-42 months) are eligible for USDA Quality grades of
Prime 10-12% IMF
Choice 5-10%
Select 3-5%
Standard <3%
Management reasons cows are culled for
old, open, ornery (usually has to do with depletion of teeth)
Cows and mature bulls are harvested and eligible for:
Commercial 5% and up
Utility 0% and up
Canner 0% and up
Sliding scale
the older the animal the more marbling necessary to grade higher (ages are C, D, and E)
How long ago was the “romanticized” cattle drives?
50 years ago
What was winter of 1886 & 87 a culmination of?
several years of drought, overstocked cattle, hard winters
What did the evolution of modern cattle feedlots start with?
Cannery waste- taking advantage of cattle and their ruminants
