Exam 2 Authors and Quotes Flashcards
The Gospel According to Matthew
Author: Matthew
“And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against you”
Writing: The Gospel According to Matthew
Author: Matthew
Theme: This passage is the basis for the Roman Catholic Church and the office of the Papacy. Peter is seen as the first pope.
“Get behind me, Satan! You are a hinderance to me; for you are not on the side of God, but men”
Writing: The Gospel According to Matthew
Author: Matthew
Theme: This is an insult to Peter. It would be absurd for the disciples to keep this in their cannon if they were making these things up
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, to the close of the age”
Writing: The Gospel According to Matthew
Author: Matthew
Theme: This good news is no longer limited to just the Jews. Jesus is the new authority over heaven and earth and is extending his grace to all people
The Gospel According to John
Author: John
Acts of the Apostles
Author: Luke
Galatians
Author: Paul
“But when Cephas came to Antioch I opposed him to his face, because he stood condemned”
Writing: Galatians
Author: Paul
Theme: Peter (Cephas) was afraid of the circumcision party and drew back (gave into pier pressure). Paul argues that a person does not have to become Jewish. The OT was a guide to the future Christ and now Gentiles are not required to follow it
Prescription Against Heretics
Author: Tertullian
“Unhappy Aristotle! who invented for these men dialectics, the art of building up and pulling down an art so evasive in its propositions, so far-fetched in its conjectures, so harsh sin its arguments, so productive of contentions - embarrassing even to itself, retracting everything, and really treating of nothing”
Writing: Prescription Against Heretics
Author: Tertullian
Theme: Tertullian is condemning Aristotle’s dialectics as he sees it as a root of many heresies
The Martyrdom of Perpetua
Author: Perpetua
A few days later while all of. us were praying, in the middle of a prayer I suddenly called out the name “Dinocrates” . . . So I began to pray repeatedly and make moaning sounds to the Lord in his behalf”
Writing: The Martyrdom of Perpetua
Author: Perpetua
Theme: Perpetua, as a “living martyr” seems to have some sway over the spiritual realm. A martyr was seen as the ideal advocate to the Lord on a persons behalf
In Praise of the Emperor Constantine
Author: Eusebius Pamphilus
“He who presides over our solemnity is the Great Sovereign Himself; He, I mean, who is truly great; of whom I affirm (nor will the sovereign who hears me be offended but will rather approve of this ascription of praise to God) the He is above and beyond all created things, the Highest, the Greatest, the most Mighty One; whose throne is the arch of heaven, and the earth the footstool of his feet. His being none can worthily comprehend; and the ineffable splendor of the glory which surrounds Him repels the gaze of every eye from His Divine majesty”
Writing: In Praise of the Emperor Constantine
Author: Eusebius Pamphilus
Theme: Eusebius is praising God, not Constantine, in this passage
“This is He who holds a supreme and universal dominion over this world, who is over and in all things, and pervades all things visible and invisible; the Word of God. From whom and by whom our divinely-favored Emperor, receiving, as it were, a transcript of the Divine sovereignty directs, in imitation of God Himself, the administration of this world’s affairs.”
Writing: In Praise of the Emperor Constantine
Author: Eusebius Pamphilus
Theme: The pattern of rule the emperor embodies is modeled after heaven itself according to Eusebius
“Lastly, invested as he is with a semblance of heavenly sovereignty, he directs his gaze above, and frames his earthly government according to the pattern of that Divine original, feeling strength in its conformity to the monarchy of God.”
Writing: In Praise of the Emperor Constantine
Author: Eusebius Pamphilus
Theme: The Emperor’s rule is modeled after God’s - similar to Socrates’ forms - Constantine is a Christian philosopher-king
The Nicene Creed
Author: The Council of Nicaea
Letter to Anastasius I
Author: Gelasius I
The Benedictine Rule
Author: Benedict of Nursia
“Let there be no repeat of persons in the monastery. Let the abbot not love one more than another, unless it be one who excels in good works and in obedience. The freeman is not to be preferred to the one who comes into the monastery out of servitude.”
Writing: The Benedictine Rule
Author: Benedict of Nursia
Theme: The monastery is a leveling place and everyone who comes in becomes equal and under the abbot
“That is, when the poultices and ointments, as it were, of prayer, the medicines of Scripture, and the violent remedies of excommunication and blows have all failed, he has recourse to the last means, prayer to God, the all-powerful, that He should work the salvation of the erring brother.”
Writing: The Benedictine Rule
Author: Benedict of Nursia
Theme: Prayer is both the first and the last resort
“So if children or youths, or those who are unable to appreciate the meaning of excommunication, are found guilty, they should be given heavy fasts and sharp blows for their correction.”
Writing: The Benedictine Rule
Author: Benedict of Nursia
Theme: This shows how people were often educated in this world. Beatings were often a result of some sort of mistake
The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Author: Bede
“In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth from Augustus, ascended the throne, and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign.”
Writing: Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Author: Bede
Theme: This is showing how people in this time kept dates, which shows a lasting connection to Roman ideals and traditions
Life of Charlemagne
Author: Einhard
“Except the fact that I, who am a barbarian, and very little versed in the Roman language, seem to suppose myself capable of writing gracefully and respectably in Latin.”
Writing: Life of Charlemagne
Author: Einhard
Theme: Charlemagne was well educated. He could read and write and speak Latin. He could understand Greek but not speak it
“Again, when he was told of the death of Hadrian, the Roman Pontiff, whom he had loved most of all his friends, he wept as much as if he had lost a brother, or a very dear son.”
Writing: Life of Charlemagne
Author: Einhard
Theme: This is not how the Pope would want to be remembers, as a brother or a son, but rather as a father
Letter to Abbot Baugulf
Author: Charlemagne
“Be it known to your devotion, most pleasing in the sight of God, that We, along with Our faithful advisers, have deemed it useful that the bishoprics and monasteries which through the favor of Christ have been entrusted to Us to govern should, in addition to the way of life prescribed by their rule and practice of holy religion, devote their efforts to the study of literature and to the teaching of it, each according to his ability, to those on whom God has bestowed the capacity to lear.”
Writing: Letter to Abbot Baugulf
Author: Charlemagne
Theme: These institutions are not governed by the pope or priests or monks, but rather by the Emperor himself. This causes tension in the church
“And so it came about that We began to fear that their lack of knowledge of writing might be matched by a more serious lack of wisdom in the understanding of Holy Scripture . . . but with devotion that is humble and pleasing to God to strive to learn it, so that you may be able to more easily and more rightly to penetrate the mysteries of the Holy Scriptures.”
Writing: Letter to Abbot Baugulf
Author: Charlemagne
Theme: If you cannot read the Bible, it will cause problems. The state of learning in this age for the clergy was obviously poor
Laws
Author: Alfred the Great
Coronation of Otto I
Author: Widukind of Corvey
The Investiture Controversy
Author: Henry IV and Gregory VII
“Henry, King, not through usurpation, but through the holy ordination of God, to Hildebrand, at present not Pope, but false monk. Such greeting as this you have merited through your disturbances, inasmuch as there in no grade in the Church which you have ommitted to make a partaker, not of honor, but of confusion; not of benediction, but of malediction.”
Writing: The Investiture Controversy (Letter from Henry IV to Gregory VII)
Author: Henry IV
Theme: Henry is not happy with the pope. This is in the midst of the power struggle between the government and the papacy.
“On me also who, although unworthy to be among the anointed, has nevertheless been anointed to the Kingdom, you have lain you hand.”
Writing: The Investiture Controversy (Letter from Henry IV to Gregory VII)
Author: Henry IV
Theme: This is language of anointing. Henry is saying that popes are chosen by God and so are kings. He was chosen by God just as much as Gregory was
On the strength of this belief therefore, for the honor and security of your church, in the name of Almighty God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I withdraw, through your power and authority, from Henry the King, son of Henry the Emperor, who has risen against your church with unheard of insolence, the rule over the Kingdom of the Germans and over Italy. And I absolve all Christians from the bonds of the oath which they have made or shall make to him; and I forbid anyone to serve him as king.”
Writing: The Investiture Controversy (Deposition of Henry IV)
Author: Gregory VII
Theme: The pope is saying that he has power over the king and can depose him
Fourth Lateran Council
Met under: Pope Innocent III
“The bread being changed (transsubstantiatio) by divine power into the body, and the wine into blood.”
Writing: Fourth Lateran Council - Canon 1
Theme: This is the establishment of transubstantiation
“All the faithful of both sexes shall after they have reached the age of discretion faithfully confess all their sins at least once a year to their own (parish) priest and perform to the best of their ability the penance imposed, receiving reverently at least at Easter the sacrament of the Eucharist, unless perchance at the advise of their own priest they may for a good reason abstain for a time from its reception; otherwise they shall be cut off from the Church (ex-communicated) during life and deprived of Christian burial in death.”
Writing: Fourth Lateran Council - Canon 21
Theme: This is setting a low bar for Christina observation; however, it’s going in the right direction. It was hard to do more if you lived out in the middle of nowhere.
“As desirous as we are that laymen do not usurp the rights of clerics, we are no less desirous that clerics abstain from arrogating to themselves the rights of laymen.”
Writing: Fourth Lateran Council - Canon 42
Theme: Two swords again. Separation of the civil and spiritual authorities
Summa Contra Gentiles
Author: Thomas Aquinas
On Kingship
Author: Thomas Aquinas
On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
“They cannot even envy me learning and eloquence! Learning, they declare, I have absolutely none. Eloquence, if I had any, they despise according to the modern philosophic fashion. They reject it as unworthy of a man of letters.”
Writing: On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
Theme: Some had the notion that rhetoric might be used to dress up bad philosophy in good clothing. Petrarch’s friends did not think that rhetoric was worth their time and that it diminished philosophy. Petrarch believed that rhetoric adorned philosophy (rhetoric wis the means of arguing philosophy)
“What else do you want? Or what do you believe? I think you expect to hear the verdict of the judges. Well, they examined each point. Then, fixing their eyes on I know not what god - for there is no god who want iniquity no god of envy or ignorance, which I might call the twofold cloud-shrouding truth - they pronounced this short final sentence: I am a good man without learning.”
Writing: On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
Theme: Petrarch is persecuting a problem with the scholastic method: “If you have already decided the outcome of the argument, you will arrive there no matter what.”
“Let them keep their exorbitant opinion of everything that regards them, and the naked name Aristotle which delights many ignorant people by its four syllables.”
Writing: On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
Theme: This is a condemnation to naked appeal to authority. Just slapping a quote from Aristotle on an argument and having his opinion carry the argument. Aristotle could be wrong
“What shall we conclude from all this? Shall I count Cicero among Catholics? I wish I could . . . However, far be it from me to espouse the genius of a single man in its totality because of one or two well-formulated phrases. Philosophers must not be judged from isolated words but from their uninterrupted coherence and consistency.”
Writing: On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
Theme: You must look at a person totally, not at just their name or one or two of their words, but at the whole substance of their works - Cicero was a mixed bag
“They believe that a man has no great intellect and is hardly learned unless he dares to raise his voice against God and to dispute against the Catholic Faith, silent before Aristotle alone.”
Writing: On His Own Ignorance
Author: Petrarch
Theme: The scholastic method seems to be starting to strangle out revelation and putting Aristotle up as the one authority. Everything is being made to conform to this one authority
The New Education
Author: Petrus Paulus Vergerius
“We call those studies liberal which are worthy of a free man; those studies by which we attain and practice virtue and wisdom; that education which calls forth, trains, and develops those highest gifts of body and of mind which ennoble men, and which are rightly judged to rank next in dignity to virtue only.”
Writing: The New Education
Author: Petrus Paulus Vergerius
Theme: Two Senses of the liberal arts. 1) The studies that really can only be studied by a free man with free time and 2) there is a moral freeing. You will not be a slave to your passions if you are liberally educated
“Respecting the general place of liberal studies, we remember that Aristotle would not have them absorb the entire interests of life: for he kept steadily in view the nature of man as a citizen, an active member of the State. For the man who has surrendered himself absolutely to the attractions of Letters or of speculative thought follows, perhaps, a self-regarding end and is useless as a citizen or as prince.”
Writing: The New Education
Author: Petrus Paulus Vergerius
Theme: You also must be an active member of society on top of being liberally educated. Take your skills and use them in society; no well educated hermits
Oration on the Dignity of Man
Author: Giovanni Pico
“He therefore took man as a creature of indeterminate nature and, assigning him a place in the middle of the world, addressed him thus: “Neither a fixed abode nor a form that is yours alone nor any function peculiar to yourself have We given you, Adam, to the end that according to your longing and according to your judgment you may have and possess what abode, what form, and what functions you yourself shall desire . . . You, constrained by no limits, in accordance with your own free will, in whose hand We have placed you, shall ordain for yourself the limits of your nature. We have set you at the world’s center that you may from thence more easily observe whatever is in the world.”
Writing: Oration on the Dignity of Man
Author: Giovanni Pico
Theme: Humans can chose their destiny. They can be raised up and be closer to God or fall down and be more animal-like. We do not have a specific form
Political Theory
Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
“whether for the purpose of carrying out their plans they have to resort to entreaties, or whether they can accomplish it by force. In the first case they always succeed badly, and fail to conclude anything; but when they depend upon their own strength to carry their innovations through, then they rarely incur and danger. Thence it was that all prophets who came with arms in hand were successful, whilst those who were not armed were ruined.”
Writing: Political Theory
Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
Theme: It is hard to tell if this is how he really feels or if this is satirical. If it is really how he thinks, he is seriously overlooking many example, especially Christ
“You must know, therefore, that there are two ways of carrying on a contest; the one by law, and the other by force. The first is practiced by men, and the other by animals; and as the first is often insufficient, it becomes necessary to resort to the second. A prince, then, should know how to employ the nature of man, and that of the beasts as well. This was figuratively taught by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles…”
Writing: Political Theory
Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
Theme: Achilles is not a good model for a king. He is saying that a king must use force and be animal-like
“Thus sagacious legislators, knowing the vices of each of these systems of government by themselves, have chosen one that should partake in all of them, judging that to be the most stable and solid. In fact, when there is combined under the same constitution a prince, nobility, and the power of the people, then these three powers will watch and keep each other reciprocally in check.”
Writing: Political Theory
Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
Theme: Combining monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy is the best form of government: a religious republic with a mixed constitution
“And as the observance of divine institutions is the cause of the greatness of republics, so the disregard of them produces their ruin; for where the fear of God is wanting, there the country will come to ruin, unless it be sustained by the fear of the prince, which may temporarily supply the want of religion.”
Writing: Political Theory
Author: Niccolò Machiavelli
Theme: In contrast to the Prince where he says cruelty is the best, here it is only temporarily the best when piety fails. A pious city is best
Against The Heresies
Author: St. Irenaeus
“Neither will any of those who preside in the churches, though exceedingly eloquent, say anything else (for no one is above the Master); nor will a poor speaker subtract from the tradition. For, since the faith is one and the same, neither he who can discourse at length about it adds to it, nor he who can say only a little subtracts from it.”
Writing: Against The Heresies
Author: St. Irenaeus
Theme: You cannot add or subtract any obligatory doctrines to this faith
“This Gospel they first preached orally, but later by GOd’s will they handed it on [tradiderunt] to us in the Scriptures, so it would be the foundation and pillar of our faith. We are not permitted to say that they preached before they had received “perfect knowledge,” as some dare to state, boasting that they are the correctors of the apostles.”
Writing: Against The Heresies
Author: St. Irenaeus
Theme: The scriptures contain everything a person needs to know for their faith
“Polycarp, likewise, not only was taught by the apostles and conversed with many of those who saw our Lord but also was appointed bishop of the Church at Smyrna in Asia by the apostles”
Writing: Against The Heresies
Author: St. Irenaeus
Theme: If you want to know what to believe, go talk to the people who were with the apostles. Apostolic succession is extremely important to the early Christians. All you need to know is out in the open
Hypatia
Author: Socrates Scholasticus
Unum Sanctum
Author: Pope Boniface VIII
The Anagni Outrage
Author: William Hundleby
