Exam #2 Anthro 005 Flashcards
What is an allele?
alternative form for a specific gene, different alleles code for different forms of a trait
What are the four evolutionary forces?
Natural Selection
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation
What is the definition of evolution?
A change in gene frequency within a population overtime
How is reproductive success important?
It results in the genes being passed off, even if you are strong, if you can’t reproduce- your genes will not be passed on.
What are the alleles of Beta-globin?
A and S
Which one of the alleles cause sickle cell anemia?
The S allele
What are the health effects of sickle cell anemia?
Can cause premature death, damage organs and nerves, low oxygen
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and lipid storage, and Blood cell formation
What are the seven key features of long bones?
Diaphysis- shaft
Epiphyses- ends of bone
Articular Cartilage- covers bone
Metaphysis- place where diphysis and epiphysis meet, or plate of cartilage in young bones
Epiphyseal Line- remnant of epiphyseal plate
Periosteum- connective tissue that covers the bone except where AC is; source of new bone cell production and connection of nerves.
Marrow Cavity- Hollow canal, yellow marrow inside
What are the types of bone tissue?
Compact or dense bone
Spongy bone (aka cancellous or trabecular)
What is the Midsagittal (Medial) Plane?
divides the body into left and right equal halves
What is the Coronal (Frontal) Plane?
Divides the body into front and back portions
What is the Transverse (Horizontal) Plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower parts
What is Medial and Lateral?
Medial- Closer to the midline or median plane
Lateral- Farther from midline or median plane
What is Anterior and Posterior?
Anterior- Towards the front
Posterior-Towards the back
What is Superior and Inferior?
Superior- above
Inferior- below
What is Superficial and Deep?
Superficial- closer to bodies surface
Deep- internal
What is Proximal and Distal?
Proximal- closer to the attachment of the limb
Distal- away from the attachment of the limb
What is Ventral and Dorsal?
ANIMALS ONLY
Ventral- closer to belly
Dorsal- closer to back
What is Cranial and Caudal?
ANIMALS ONLY
Cranial- closer to head
Caudal- closer to tip of tail
What are Processes and where do they appear?
Raised areas on bone, appear where tendons of muscle attach
What are Foramina and what are they used for?
Holes or Canals, made for vessels and nerves to pass through in bone
What is Head?
A dome shaped articular projection
What is Ridge?
A raised elongated area of bone
What is Crest?
Relatively sharp narrow ridge?
What is Foramen?
Holes for blood vessels and nerves to pass through
What is Fossa?
A dug-out area or depression
What does Flexion do?
acts to bend or reduce the angle between bones
What does Extension do?
acts to increase the angle between bones
In what order to the Vertebrae go in (up to down)
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
What is the meaning of the term “Forensic”?
to apply scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime, and its connections with or, use in the court of law
The meaning of the term Osteometry
Osteometry is the study and measurement of human or animal skeleton
What are the traits for determining sex?
Skull
Size and robusticity, shape of forehead, chin shape
Pelvis
Size and robusticity, Pelvic inlet
What are the traits for determining Age?
Teeth, wearing down of enamel over-time
Epiphysis
Cranium, sutures
What are the traits for determining Ancestry?
-Cranial traits
Cranial index
Nasal index
Orbital shape
lingual side of incisors
