Exam 2

Question 1

Parental Investment

Answer 1

Any parental trait that potentially increases fitness of an offspring at some cost to the parent

Question 2

Parental Care

Answer 2

Parental investment in the offspring in the form of behavior

Question 3

Precocial Species

Answer 3

The young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching

Question 4

Trivers-Willard Hypothesis

Answer 4

Female mammals are able to adjust offspring sex ratio towards males when in good condition, and females when in poor condition

Question 5

Sikes Maternal Nutrition

Answer 5

Food-restricted mothers will kill and consume young before maternal mass drops below 75% of initial mother weight

Question 6

Hamilton’s Rule

Answer 6

r * b > c, where r is relatedness, b is the sum of benefits to all recipients, and c is the cost towards the giver

Question 7

(3) Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 7

Frequent interactions, the ability to keep track of support given and received, and only providing support to those who help

Question 8

Sociality

Answer 8

Degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups and form cooperative societies

Question 9

Presociality

Answer 9

Courtship and mating in solitary animals

Question 10

Solitary but social

Answer 10

Forage separately but sleep in the same location or share nests

Question 11

Parasociality

Answer 11

Cooperative dwelling, parental investment, and socialization

Question 12

(4) Eusociality

Answer 12

Cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, reproductive and non-reproductive groups, castes where at least one caste loses the ability to perform at least one behavioral characteristic of individuals in another caste

Question 13

Haplodiploidy

Answer 13

Males are haploid, females are diploid, sisters are related 75%

Question 14

James Scott’s Four Domestications

Answer 14

Fire, plants, animals, humans

Question 15

Domestication

Answer 15

Sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group

Question 16

Grandmother hypothesis

Answer 16

Fitness benefit for grandchildren, kin selection

Question 17

Grandfather hypothesis

Answer 17

Men make sperm forever, grandfathers may be detrimental to long-term survival of grandchildren

Question 18

Mating-warring hypothesis

Answer 18

Showing off for ladies

Question 19

Male warrior hypothesis

Answer 19

Coalition aggression between groups of men resulted in sex-specific differences in the way outgroups are perceived

Question 20

Moral outrage

Answer 20

Respond to infringements on (1) immunities that form the basis of rights/privileges and (2) reasonable expectations for the behaviors of others

Question 21

Rape

Answer 21

Forced in-pair copulation as an anti-cuckoldry behavior