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DMS Sectional Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What takes blood out of liver and to the IVC?

A

Hepatic veins

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2
Q

T/F?

Transducer pressure can rupture an aneurysm.

A

True

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3
Q

Normal IVC measurement is

A

2.5 cm or 25mm

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4
Q

Aorta wall layers, inner to outer:

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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5
Q

Define hepatopedal

Define hepatofugal

A

Normal; blood flow to to the liver
—pulse wave will be above the line
— this is what u want for PV
— color Doppler will appear red

Abnormal; blood flow away/out of liver
— pulse wave will be below the line
—color Doppler will appear blue

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6
Q

The celiac trunk branches into___

A

Hepatic artery (travels laterally to ao to enter the liver)

Splenic artery (tortuous and travels lateral to AO to the spleen)

Left gastric artery (not visible on US)

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7
Q

Normal IVC variants

A

Double ivc
Swapped locations
Absence of portions (rare)

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8
Q

Where is posterior cul de sac located?

A

Btw wall of uterus and rectum

Recto-uterine pouch
“Pouch of Douglas”

most common area for fluid to build up

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9
Q

Name some examples of aortic pathology

A

Stenosis
Grafts
Aortic dissection
Aneurysm

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10
Q

Which renal vein is longer than the other and why?

A

Left renal vein is longer than the right bc it has to cross over the aorta and the right renal vein does not

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11
Q

Normal IVC size

A

2.5 cm (25mm)

Increases and decreases with breathing and pressure but should not exceed 3.7 cm (37 mm)

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12
Q

What are the main functions of the aorta?

A

1) oxygenation
2) metabolism
3) maintaining blood pressure

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13
Q

Ivc branches/ tributaries:

A

Hepatic veins (left, middle, right)
Renal veins
Gonadal veins
Lumbar veins

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14
Q

responsible for melatonin (sleep cycle)

A

Pineal

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15
Q

Describe an artery

A
  • Has a thicker tunica media (to withstand the pressure of the blood pumping)
  • not compressible like veins are
  • higher pressure
  • takes oxygenated blood away from heart to organs
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16
Q

Gland responsible for calcium levels

A

Parathyroid

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17
Q

Which branch of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is responsible for maintaining body’s energy?

A

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

Procedure used to drain fluid from peritoneal cavity

A

Paracentesis

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19
Q

3 membranes that line the skull and enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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21
Q

Which organs have a horizontal oblique orientation?

A

Liver, pancreas

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22
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A blood clot that breaks off and travels through heart and to lungs

*** this is deadly

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23
Q 
Normal Aortic measurements are:
Prox:
Distal:
Iliacs:
But should never exceed:
A

Prox 2cm
Distal 1.5cm
CIA 1cm
Shouldn’t exceed: 3cm

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24
Q

Where is the most common location to find an aneurysm?

A

Intrarenal

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25
Q

The urinary system is responsible for what 3 things?

A

Regulates blood volume
Regulates blood pressure
Production of RBCs

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28
Q

What is also known as omental bursa?

A

Lesser sac

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29
Q

Right portal being branches are:

Left portal vein branches are:

A

Right PV= anterior and posterior

Left PV= medial and lateral

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30
Q

Where does the aorta originate?

A

Left ventricle of heart

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31
Q

The ductus venous by passes what organ of the fetus?

A

Liver

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32
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

GLOSS

Gallbladder
Liver
Ovaries
Spleen
Stomach
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33
Q

Normal portal vein measurement is

A

13mm or 1.3 cm

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34
Q

Portal veins bring ____ blood ___ the liver, and hepatic arteries bring ____ blood ____ the liver.

A

Nutrient rich
To
Oxygen rich
To

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35
Q

Name the 4 sections of the ivc

A

Hepatic
Prerenal
Renal
Postrenal

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36
Q

Where is anterior cul de sac located?

A

Btw wall of bladder and uterus

Also called vesico-uterine pouch

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37
Q

The pulmonary artery takes ____ blood (to/away) the lungs and the pulmonary vein takes ___ blood ____ from the lungs.

A

Deoxygenated
To
Oxygenated
Away

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38
Q

Another name for hilum of liver is:

A

Porta hepitis

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39
Q

Where does the aorta originate?

A

Left ventricle

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39
Q

IVC associated tests:

A 
Duplex Doppler
Color Doppler
Venography
MRI
CT
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40
Q

Which system is first to function during fetal development?

A

Cardiovascular

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41
Q

The anterior pituitary ____

While the posterior pituitary _____

A

Ant- releases hormones

Post- stores the hormones

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43
Q

The internal common iliac is also known as ___.

A

Hypogastric artery

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44
Q

Parts of the uterus from superior to inferior:

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

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45
Q

Other names of posterior cul de sac:

A

Recto-uterine pouch

Pouch of Douglas

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46
Q

Name some IVC pathology

A

Blood clot, tumor invasion

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46
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Maintains homeostasis by regulating body function including reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, blood glucose levels, stress response, ovulation

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47
Q

Normal aortic diameter

Prox:
Distal:
Iliacs:

A

Prox: 2cm (20mm)
Distal: 1.5cm (15mm)
Iliacs: 1cm (10mm)

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48
Q

____ produces bile, which is sent to ___ to be stored through the ___.

A

Liver
GB
Biliary system

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49
Q

During systole, valves are ___.

During diastole, valves are ___.

A

Open

Closed

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50
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of stability through the body’s self-regulating systems

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53
Q

IVC originates at

A

The junction of left and right iliac veins

Courses superiorly to right atrium

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54
Q

What percent of blood going into the liver is brought by the portal venous system?

A

65-75% (nutrient rich)

And about 25% (oxygenated blood) from hepatic artery

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55
Q

The greater sac is also known as ___

A

General cavity

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58
Q

First functioning system in embryonic development

A

Cardiovascular system

-heart and aorta form at the same time

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58
Q

What are the 3 layers of the aorta in order from deep to superficial

A

Deep to superficial

1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica adventitia

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59
Q

What 2 muscles are located in the false pelvis?

A

Quadratus lumborum

Psoas major

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60
Q

Celiac artery branches:

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Lt gastric artery

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61
Q

Endocrine system is also called

A

Neuroendocrine system

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62
Q

The Fallopian tubes lie in the superior part of the ____.

A

Broad ligament

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63
Q

Kidneys, common bile duct, portal vein, smv, and common iliac arteries all have a ____ orientation.

A

Vertical oblique

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65
Q

The body’s computer

A

Nervous System

-uses electrical signals to protect body from harm

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66
Q

“Master gland”

A

Pituitary gland

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67
Q

Gland responsible for protection against autoimmune (t cells)

A

Thymus

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68
Q

A transverse kidney, anterior to posterior, the vessels seen at hilum:

A

Vein
Artery
Ureter

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69
Q

The IVC returns deoxygenated blood to the ____ of the heart.

A

Right atrium

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71
Q

The anterior muscle layer includes ____ tissue and ___ muscle.

A

Subcutaneous

Rectus abdomina

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72
Q

Nervous system is divided into:

A

Central: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: connects the CNS with the limbs and organs of body

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72
Q

List the intraperitoneal organs

A

GB, liver, ovaries, spleen, stomach

GLOSS

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73
Q

Describe veins

A
  • have valves in center to prevent back flow of blood
  • are compressible
  • lower pressure
  • brings blood away from organs back to the heart to become oxygenated
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73
Q

reads which hormones are needed in body

A

Hypothalamus

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74
Q

What is Morison’s pouch and what is it known for?

A

Located btw right kidney and liver

A common area for fluid to build up - ascites

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75
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

PUCKER

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending only)
Kidneys
Esophagus 
Rectum
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75
Q

4 types of aortic aneurysms

A

Sacular
Fusiform
Ruptured
Pseudo

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75
Q

What is the double fold of peritoneum that attaches intestines to posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentary

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76
Q

Peripheral nervous system is divided into:

A

Somatic- all conscious awareness of our externally environment (voluntary) and all movement (thru skeletal muscle)
Ex) touching hot stove

Autonomic nervous system- involuntary functions
Ex) digestion

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76
Q

responsible for estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone

A

Ovaries/testes

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76
Q

The spleen, bone marrow, and thymus are part of the _____ system.

A

Lymphatic

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79
Q

Lumen is

A

Where blood flow occurs within the aorta

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79
Q

True or false

The right real artery is longer than the left renal artery.

A

True

Bc the right renal artery travels posterior to ivc and then meets with the rt kidney whereas the left renal artery has a direct route to the lt kidney.

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79
Q

Procedure for pleural effusion

A

Thoracentesis

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80
Q

Which renal artery is longer and runs posterior to ivc?

A

Right

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81
Q

The stomach is ___ to the pancreas.

A

Anterior

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82
Q

Which veins increase in diameter as they approach the IVC?

83
Q

A collection of glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers)

A

Endocrine system

84
Q

T/F?

Visceral peritoneum is the outer layer attached to abdominal wall.

A

False

Parietal is the outermost layer

85
Q

What is responsible for directing the secretion of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

The prostate gland is perforated by the ___ & ___.

A

Urethra

Ejaculatory duct

88
Q

3 protective layers of CNS (meninges)

A

Pia mater- innermost
Arachnoid- middle layer
Dura mater- outer layer

88
Q

Gland responsible for adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland

88
Q

responsible for insulin, digestive enzymes

89
Q

Name all of the branches on the aorta and their location

A

Prox aorta
-Celiac trunk (anterior)

Mid Ao-
Sma (anterior)

Renal arteries (lateral)

Gonadal arteries (oblique lateral)

Inferior mesentaric artery

Inferior phrenic

Suprarenal arteries

89
Q

Autonomic nervous system is divided into:

A

Sympathetic division: responds to stress or danger
—(increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

Parasympathetic division: maintains and restores body’s energy
—(reduces output of adrenaline, decreases heart rate and breathing rates, lower blood pressure)

90
Q

Portal venous system brings blood from the ___, ___, and ____ to the ____.

A

Spleen
GB
GI tract
Liver

91
Q

Ureters
Renal veins
Renal arteries

Name them in order from anterior to posterior

A

Renal veins
Renal arteries
Ureters

91
Q

The pancreas extends from the ____ of the spleen.

94
Q

A normal CBD measurement is ___

A

6 mm or 0.6cm

95
Q

Portal veins have more ____ in the walls, which is why they appear more hyperechoic.

96
Q

Gland responsible for metabolism

97
Q

The second branch of the anterior abdominal aorta is

98
Q

What are gonadal arteries

A

Ovarian arteries

Testicular arteries

99
Q

Left common iliac arteries bifurcate into

A 
Left internal (hypogastric)
Left external iliac arteries
100
Q

Stretching of the aorta

A

Aortic aneurism

101
Q

Plaque forming within lumen of aorta (can cause blood clots)

-can be catastrophic

A

Atherosclerosis

102
Q

Separation of layers of tunica media and tunica intima, very likely to lead to aortic rupture

A

Aortic dissection

103
Q

Diseases of the aorta tend to be

A

Asymptomatic until they are catastrophic

104
Q

LVOT stand for

A

Left ventricular output tract

105
Q

Thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by

106
Q

Place in the diaphragm where aorta passes

A

Aortic hiatus

  • interior to that is the abdominal aorta
  • aorta passes posteriorly to diaphragm
107
Q

Hypogastric artery sends blood to

A

Pelvic area

108
Q

Gonadal arteries branch ____to the aorta and ____ to renal arteries

A

Laterally

Inferior

109
Q

The sma travels …..

A

Anterior to aorta and parallel inferiorly along the aorta while staying anterior

110
Q

Suprarenal artery is

A

Adrenal artery

111
Q

Left renal vein is ____ to sma and ____to aorta

A

Posterior

Anterior

112
Q

Left renal artery is ___ to ivc

113
Q

T/F

The splenic artery is very tortuous.

A

True (very curvy, not straight)

114
Q

The common hepatic artery bifurcated into

A

Proper hepatic- liver

Gastroduodenal artery- passes through the head of the pancreas

115
Q

What makes up the “seagull”?

A

Body is celiac trunk

Right wing is common hepatic artery
Left wing is splenic artery

116
Q

Structure that anchors the diaphragm

-can be seen anterior in prox aorta

A

Crus of diaphragm

117
Q

What lobe of liver is seen in sag abdominal aortic scan?

118
Q

Aorta starts out ___ to body, but it moves ____ as it travels down the body.

A

Posterior

Anteriorly

119
Q

Sma supplies blood to

A

Small intestine
Ascending colon
Part of transverse colon

120
Q

Sma is surrounded by

A

Echogenic fatty halo

121
Q

Splenic vein is ___ to left kidney

122
Q

Portal splenic confluence becomes ____ which can be found at ___ of liver on the ___ lobe of liver.

A

Portal vein
Hilum
Right

123
Q

Veins have ___ to keep blood from going backward, while ____ do not.

A

Valves

Arteries

124
Q

Largest artery in body

125
Q

Largest vein in body

126
Q

Oxygen exchange in arteries and veins take place at _____

A

Capillary level

127
Q

Vasoconstriction is

A

Constriction of veins, this is how BP is maintained

128
Q

____ drains blood from left lobe of the liver into the IVC

A

Left hepatic vein

129
Q

2 main body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

130
Q

Dorsal cavity contains

A

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

131
Q

Ventral cavity is divided by

A

The diaphragm

Divided into thoracic and peritoneal

132
Q

Portion of peritoneum that covers the organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

133
Q

Portion of peritoneum lining the cavity that forms a closed sac

A

Parietal peritoneum

134
Q

Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the stomach to the adjacent abdominal organs

135
Q

Attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon

A

Greater omentum

136
Q

Attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of duodenum to the porta hepatis

A

Lesser omentum

137
Q

Where hepatic artery and main PV enter the liver and where the biliary ducts exit

A

Porta hepitis (hilum of liver)

138
Q

____ is posterior to stomach and lesser omentum, area where fluid can build up

A

Greater sac

139
Q

Located posterior to the stomach

A

Lesser sac also called omental bursa)

140
Q

Division of ventral and peritoneal cavities that extends superiority from the iliac crests to pelvic diaphragm inferiorly

A

Pelvic cavity

141
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Aorta

142
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Common hepatic duct

A

Vertical oblique

143
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Common carotid artery

144
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Kidneys

A

Vertical oblique

145
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Uterus

146
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Portal vein

A

Vertical oblique

147
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Common bile duct

A

Vertical oblique

148
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Renal arteries and veins

A

Horizontal

149
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Thyroid isthmus

A

Horizontal

150
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Splenic vein

A

Horizontal

151
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Pancreas

A

Horizontal oblique

152
Q

Name the orientation of the structure:

Liver

A

Horizon oblique

153
Q

When in a longitudinal view to the pancreas, why does the tail appear to curve?

A

Tail is going deeper (posteriorly) towards spleen

-that’s why we oblique the transducer angling to pt’s left shoulder in order to get long view of pancreas

154
Q

What orientation would u need to be in to view the isthmus of the thyroid?

155
Q

How would u know if you were looking at the inferior level of the right lobe of liver?

A

You would see right kidneys and gallbladder

156
Q

__ and ___ run thru head of pancreas

A

Gastroduodenal artery (anterior)

Common bile duct (posterior)

157
Q

Formed by a double fold of peritoneal

-blood vessels and lymphatics run along this

158
Q

The fundus of the gallbladder is the ___ section and the neck of the ___ section

A

Wider transverse cross section

Smaller transverse cross section

159
Q

Joining btw 2 things

A

Anastomosis

160
Q

Fluid found in abdominopelvic area

161
Q

Subphrenic means

A

Below diaphragm

162
Q

Area btw right kidney and liver

A

Morrison’s pouch

-anechoic if fluid build up has occurred

163
Q

Infracolic

A

Below colon

-fluid can collect here

164
Q

Paracolic

A

Around colon

-fluid can collect here

165
Q

Axial means

A

Transverse cross section

166
Q

Area not encased in peritoneal cavity

-most liver is encased but small portion is not

167
Q

Para means

A

To the side of

168
Q

If the fluid has collected, when the patient is laying supine, what orientation would the fluid be sitting?

A

Fluid would lie dorsal the patient’s body

169
Q

Most common area for fluid to collect

A

Posterior cul de sac
Recto-uterine pouch
“Pouch of Douglas”

170
Q

Area where fluid can collect that is btw the uterus and rectum

A

Pouch of Douglas

171
Q

Area where fluid can collect located btw wall of uterus and bladder

A

Anterior cul de sac

Vesico-uterine pouch

172
Q

2 main area where fluid can collect when patient is supine

**most dependent potion

A

1) Hepatorenal pouch (Morrison’s)

2)Recto-vesical pouch (man)
Recto-uterine pouch (woman)

173
Q

Once you scan past the ivc in prox long, what are u seeing?

A

Right lobe of liver

174
Q

____ acts as a great acoustic window

175
Q

Formed by the confluence of splenic vein and smv

176
Q

Vessels that supply blood to liver

A

Splenic vein
Smv
Imv

177
Q

The liver functions to:

1)
2)
3)

A

Metabolize blood
Gain nutrients
Detoxify and filter toxins

178
Q

___ and ___ run alongside corresponding Heptic artery branches

A

RT PV

LT PV

179
Q

Courses inferior to superior as it drains blood from large intestine

A

Smv

Imv from intestine

180
Q

Which portal triad would we see at the porta hepitis?

A

CBD, HA, and PV

  • this so the one we want to see when finding PV
  • extra hepatic
181
Q

If we see the Common Hepatic Duct, Right Hepatic artery and portal vein, are in intrahepatic or extrahepatic?

A

Intrahepatic

182
Q

Caudate lobe is ___ to IVC

A

Anterior

Ligamentum vinosum separates caudate and left lobe
——— landmark for lt hep vein

183
Q

Normal blood flow
Flows into the liver/towards transducer

Wave is above the baseline

A

Hepatopedal

184
Q

Wave below baseline
-blood flow away from transducer
Abnormal blood flow

A

Hepatofugal

185
Q

T/F?

A hepatic vein pulse wave would be mostly below the baseline but also extend above the line.

A

True, bc it is close the heart

186
Q

Left lobe is ____ to ivc

187
Q

Main draining source of liver

A

Left hepatic vein

188
Q

Fluid on top of liver can be described as

A

Subphrenic fluid

189
Q

Rhythmic pulse
Peak= systole (heart contracts)
Drop= diastole (heart relaxes)

A

Normal arterial blood blow

190
Q

Continuous wave of blood flow above the baseline

A

Normal PV blood flow

191
Q

Drain blood from adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal veins

  • superior portion of kidneys
  • rt suprarenal drains directly into ivc
  • lt suprarenal drains into left renal vein then ivc
192
Q

Left gonadal and left Suprarenal veins empty into

A

Left renal vein

193
Q

Right gonadal and right suprarenal drain directly into

194
Q

T/F?

There are valves in the IVC, which help move blood back to the heart

A

False

No valves, respiration’s move blood

195
Q

Anterior to portal vein are what 2 things?

A

CBD and HA

  • run side by side
  • must use color to distinguish and prove
196
Q

What makes up the “bunny sign”?

A

Left ear- Middle hep vein
Right ear- left hep vein
Face- ivc

197
Q

What makes up the “reindeer sign”?

A

Antlers-Right hep vein, Middle hep vein,
Left hep vein

Head- ivc

198
Q

Right renal artery runs ____ to ivc

199
Q

Ivc runs directly ____ to caudate lobe

200
Q

Blood clot formed in a vessel

201
Q

What is TIPS?

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

  • helps blood to flow from PV to HV
  • used on patients with liver disease and portal hypertension
202
Q

When dye is injected into vessels and take x rays as it moves thru veins

A

Venography

DMS Sectional Anatomy (4 decks)

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