Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Speech and Hearing Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of speech for this class?

A
  • audible
  • meaningful
  • physical reality
  • physiological reality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acoustic phonetics?

A
  • branch of speech science that focuses on characteristics of speech sounds and their measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physiological/articulatory phonetics?

A
  • branch of speech science that focuses on how the human body operates during speech production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between rarefactions and compressions/condensations?

A
  • rarefaction: regions where molecules are less densely packed
  • compression/condensation: regions where molecules are more densely packed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are properties of sine waves?

A
  • only 1 constant frequency
  • constant amplitude
  • always periodic
  • has a period that =1/frequency
  • does NOT exist in nature
  • do not have harmonics; only have energy at one frequency
  • describes simple harmonic motion
  • oscillatory: always has a definite repeating pattern
  • constant: theoretically goes on forever with the same frequency and amplitude
  • “pure” tone
  • different sine waves can be added together to form complex waves
  • cycle: complete round trip of a point on the sine wave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is amplitude?

A
  • the size of the motion (how far it moves from its resting point in each direction), reflection of loudness or intensity
  • maximum distance between the highest or lowest point of the wave and the resting position; the maximum value of the displacement from the resting point
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does loudness correspond to amplitude?

A
  • perceive amplitude as loudness
  • the greater the amplitude, the louder a sound seems
  • controlled mostly at the source (but filter has some effect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is frequency and what is it perceived as?

A
  • the number of cycles per second

- perceived as pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the frequency is higher, is the period lower or higher?

A
  • lower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is natural frequency?

A
  • frequency an object vibrates at when it is disturbed

- determined by object’s length, density, tension, and stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frequency is the _ axis on a line spectrum

A
  • X
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Frequency is the _ axis on a spectrogram

A
  • Y
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The higher the frequency, the _____ the pitch

A
  • higher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: Harmonics change the pitch

A
  • false
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: Pitch does not depend on the resonant frequency of the resonator

A
  • true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of pitch does thick, long vocal folds produce?

A
  • low pitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of pitch does short, thin vocal folds produce?

A
  • high pitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the period?

A
  • the time required to complete 1 cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

-distance of a segment of the wave that keeps repeating itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is velocity and what is the speed of sound?

A
  • how fast does a sound wave travel

- the speed of sound is taken to be 344 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does in-phase mean?

A
  • when the cycles of 2 waves are in unison

- they reach their maximum and minimum points simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does out-of-phase mean?

A
  • when the motions of 2 waves are not in unison
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are opposite waves?

A
  • 180 degrees out-of-phase

- when one wave is at a minimum point while the other is at a maximum point, and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are harmonics?

A
  • frequencies created by partial vibrations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T/F: Harmonics do not change a sound’s pitch

A

-true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T/F: sine waves have harmonics

A

-false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is the first harmonic the lowest frequency or highest frequency of a sound?

A
  • lowest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can you see about harmonics on a line spectrum?

A
  • shows amount of acoustic energy at each harmonic frequency

- vertical lines are harmonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The smaller the portion of the string that vibrates, the less or more intensity is achieved?

A
  • less
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to the spaces between harmonics as F0 increases?

A
  • they become farther and farther apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are harmonics revealed on narrow bandwidth spectrograms or wide bandwidth spectrograms?

A
  • narrow bandwidth spectrograms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is tube resonance?

A
  • a uniform tube that is closed at one end and open at another has resonance frequencies determined by the length of the tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is tube resonance lower or higher for longer tubes?

A
  • lower

- and higher for shorter tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T/F: Non-uniform tubes vary around the values for a uniform tube

A
  • true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are musical instruments periodic or aperiodic?

A
  • periodic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

For a complex periodic sound, what is the frequency produced by?

A

-the vibration of the sound producer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Is F0 the highest or lowest frequency of a sound?

A
  • lowest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is F0 perceived as?

A
  • pitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T/F: Vocal folds are constantly changing in F0 as the speaker places emphasis on certain sounds and the vocal folds slow down and speed up

A
  • true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most speaker’s F0 is higher than ___ Hz

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is F0 indicated by in a spectrogram?

A
  • vertical lines at the bottom of the spectrogram with each line representing one cycle of vocal fold vibration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Fundamental frequency is the number of _____

A
  • cycles per sec of vibration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the relationship between fundamental frequency and harmonics?

A
  • it is the first harmonic

- harmonics are whole number of multiples of the fundamental frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the x and y axes on a line spectum?

A
  • x axis is frequency

- y axis is intensity (dB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe forced vibration

A
  • when a wave passes through a medium, it causes it to vibrate
  • objects have a specific natural frequency based on the material and type of the object; this is the frequency an object vibrates at when it is disturbed
  • vibrations from 1 object can set another object into vibration if the RFs of both are close to each other
  • the NFs of both objects have to be the same or within a certain distance of each other
46
Q

Describe resonance

A
  • objects that have the same natural frequency as an incoming wave will have their vibration made more intense because the wave keeps putting energy into the object again and again at just the right time
  • an object will vibrate (oscillate) with greater intensity when it is subjected to vibrations at its natural frequency
  • peaks in filter spectrum
  • 1st natural resonance= 1st formant
  • resonances are odd multiples of lowest natural resonance
47
Q

How is the vocal tract a resonator/filter?

A
  • it’s a column of air
  • vibrations are modified due to the shape of the vocal tract
  • different parts of the vocal tract act as different filters for the vibrating filters (resonant filters)
48
Q

Do shorter tubes have a higher resonant frequency or lower resonant frequency?

A
  • higher resonant frequency
49
Q

Does a short vocal tract have lower or higher formants?

A
  • higher formants
50
Q

T/F: Source (vocal fold vibration) and filter (vocal tract configuration) can be adjusted independently

A
  • true
51
Q

A _____ vocal tract can have a pathological source

A
  • normal
52
Q

A ______ vocal tract can have a normal source

A
  • pathological
53
Q

What causes formants to be present in a speech signal?

A
  • filtering effect of vocal tract as a resonator
54
Q

What do formants look like on a spectrogram?

A
  • when the harmonics are added together, they appear on a spectrogram as broad horizontal bands of strong acoustic energy and are called formants
55
Q

Do formants appear on a wideband spectrogram or narrow bandwidth spectrogram?

A
  • wideband spectrogram
56
Q

Formants are the ____ frequencies of the vocal tract

A
  • resonant
57
Q

The first formant is also the first what?

A
  • natural resonance
58
Q

What formants are we concerned with?

A
  • 3rd and 4th
59
Q

What do formant patterns reflect?

A
  • different shapes of the vocal tract
60
Q

? + ? = formants

A
  • vocal fold vibration

- vocal tract as filter

61
Q

What are the x and y axes on the spectrogram?

A
  • x axis is time

- y axis is frequency

62
Q

What are nodes?

A
  • in a standing wave, nodes are points along the wave where the wave has minimum amplitude
  • a particle vibration is at a minimum, pressure is higher, volume velocity is at a minimum
63
Q

What are anti-nodes?

A
  • in a standing wave, anti-nodes are points along the wave where the wave has a maximum amplitude
  • particle vibration is at a maximum, volume velocity is at a maximum
64
Q

What happens when you constrict at a node?

A
  • constricting the tube near a node raises the formant frequency
65
Q

What happens when you constrict at an anti-node?

A
  • constricting the tube near an anti-node lowers the formant frequency
66
Q

Is F1 raised with more or less constriction in the posterior portion of the vocal tract?

A
  • more constriction
67
Q

Is F1 raised with more or less constriction in the anterior portion?

A
  • less constriction
68
Q

Is F1 lowered with more or less constriction at the anterior portion of the vocal tract?

A
  • more constriction
69
Q

Is F1 lowered with more or less constriction in the posterior portion?

A
  • less constriction
70
Q

Does F2 increase or decrease when pharyngeal cavity constriction increases?

A
  • decrease
71
Q

Does F2 increase or decrease when constriction in the palatal region increases?

A
  • increase
72
Q

What is the most important thing that differentiates sounds (vowels and consonants alike)?

A
  • the location and degree of constriction
73
Q

What are the x and y axes on a vowel space graph?

A
  • y axis: F1 and represents tongue constriction/height

- x axis: F2 and represents front/back tongue position

74
Q

What are diphthongs?

A
  • a vowel for which resonant characteristics change during its production
  • produced by uttering 2 vowels as one phonetic (and phonological unit)
  • involves a quick shifting of the articulator
75
Q

What are the four generally accepted distinctive diphthongs?

A
  • / aɪ /
  • / aʊ /
  • / ɔɪ /
  • / ju /
76
Q

What are diphthongs characterized by?

A
  • characterized by feature shifts made during their production
  • first 3 formants
  • steady-state, formant transition, second steady-state
77
Q

What are formant transitions?

A
  • changes in formant frequency caused by shifting the articulators
78
Q

What is the attenuation rate/ roll-off rate?

A
  • the rate at which the resonator’s amplitude of response is attenuated
  • how fast the resonator decreases in its amplitude of response to different frequencies
  • the shallowness or steepness of the slope of the resonance curve
79
Q

Describe sonorous sounds

A
  • have periodic vocal fold vibration, harmonics, formats
80
Q

Describe less sonorous sounds

A
  • may be VF vibration, but less presence of harmonics and formants, aperiodic noise, shorter duration, less amplitude
81
Q

Put the following in order from most energy to least energy: fricatives, approximants, vowels, stops

A
  • vowels
  • approximants
  • fricatives
  • stops
82
Q

Put the following in order from most constriction to least constriction: approximants, vowels, stops, fricatives

A
  • stops
  • fricatives
  • approximants
  • vowels
83
Q

What are the 3 manners that are sonorant consonants?

A
  • glides
  • liquids
  • nasals
84
Q

What is /r/ characterized by?

A
  • a big drop in F3
85
Q

Nasals have antiformants. What are these and how do you identify them on a spectrogram?

A
  • very light bands on the spectrogram during the closure
86
Q

Nasals have nasal murmurs. What are these and how do you identify them on the spectrogram?

A
  • low frequency, high energy

- wider and more intense than a “voice bar”

87
Q

What are fricatives characterized by? Where is it created at and what does it tell us?

A
  • high-frequency turbulent noise

- created in the front of the closure and this tells us information about where the closure is

88
Q

Describe the three things stops are characterized by on a spectrogram

A
  • silent gap: low-frequency voice bar for voiced stops as vocal folds continue to vibrate- but most energy gets absorbed due to the complete stop closure
  • burst: brief vertical line across a wide range of frequencies on a spectrogram
  • formant transitions: before and after silent gap; these give us cues to where the stop closure occurred
89
Q

What is coarticulation?

A
  • influence of the articulation of one sound on the articulation of other sounds in the same utterance
90
Q

What are suprasegmentals?

A
  • features of speech that go beyond the single-sound level
91
Q

What are 4 parts of prosody?

A
  • intonation
  • stress
  • duration
  • rhythm
92
Q

What is intonation?

A
  • declination across an utterance
93
Q

What is stress?

A
  • place on syllables; lexical stress vs sentence stress
94
Q

What is duration?

A
  • typically longer in stressed syllables, can vary for other reasons than stress
95
Q

What is syntactic prosody?

A
  • pattern of intonation, stress, timing indicates syntactic structure
  • e.g disambiguating an ambiguous sentence, statements vs questions
96
Q

What is emotional prosody?

A
  • pattern of intonation, stress, timing indicates speaker’s emotional state
97
Q

What is speech rate?

A
  • may vary independently of prosody and stress

- some sounds reduce more in duration when we speak at a faster rate

98
Q

Speech acoustics vary on a continuum, but we perceive speech sounds (especially consonants) as belonging to what?

A
  • categories
99
Q

T/F: Infants perceive a wider range of speech sound distinctions

A
  • true
100
Q

_____ properties can be used to characterize dysphonic voice

A
  • acoustic

- ex) F0, intensity, harmonic power

101
Q

Is abnormal vocal fold vibration more or less periodic?

A
  • less
102
Q

What is a jitter?

A
  • cycle-to-cycle perturbation in frequency

- i.e. frequency does not stay consistent across cycles

103
Q

What is a shimmer?

A
  • cycle-to-cycle perturbation in amplitude

- amplitude does not stay consistent across cycles

104
Q

T/F: There is not high variability in the way individuals articulate /r/

A
  • false
105
Q

Where are the two places on a tongue that constrict during /r/ production?

A
  • tongue root at pharynx

- tongue blade more anteriorly in the oral cavity

106
Q

What are the sibilant sounds? They are also fricatives

A
  • /s/
  • /ʃ/
  • /ʒ/
107
Q

What are the semi-vowels?

A
  • liquids

- glides

108
Q

What are the resonants?

A
  • nasals
  • liquids
  • glides
109
Q

What are the non-resonants?

A
  • stops
  • fricatives
  • affricatives
  • sibilants
110
Q

If you had to pick a formant to focus on for a kiddo who substitutes w/r, which one would it be?

A
  • F3

Speech and Hearing Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions