Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 characteristics of speech for this class?
A
- audible
- meaningful
- physical reality
- physiological reality
2
Q
What is acoustic phonetics?
A
- branch of speech science that focuses on characteristics of speech sounds and their measurement
3
Q
What is physiological/articulatory phonetics?
A
- branch of speech science that focuses on how the human body operates during speech production
4
Q
What is the difference between rarefactions and compressions/condensations?
A
- rarefaction: regions where molecules are less densely packed
- compression/condensation: regions where molecules are more densely packed
5
Q
What are properties of sine waves?
A
- only 1 constant frequency
- constant amplitude
- always periodic
- has a period that =1/frequency
- does NOT exist in nature
- do not have harmonics; only have energy at one frequency
- describes simple harmonic motion
- oscillatory: always has a definite repeating pattern
- constant: theoretically goes on forever with the same frequency and amplitude
- “pure” tone
- different sine waves can be added together to form complex waves
- cycle: complete round trip of a point on the sine wave
6
Q
What is amplitude?
A
- the size of the motion (how far it moves from its resting point in each direction), reflection of loudness or intensity
- maximum distance between the highest or lowest point of the wave and the resting position; the maximum value of the displacement from the resting point
7
Q
How does loudness correspond to amplitude?
A
- perceive amplitude as loudness
- the greater the amplitude, the louder a sound seems
- controlled mostly at the source (but filter has some effect)
8
Q
What is frequency and what is it perceived as?
A
- the number of cycles per second
- perceived as pitch
9
Q
If the frequency is higher, is the period lower or higher?
A
- lower
10
Q
What is natural frequency?
A
- frequency an object vibrates at when it is disturbed
- determined by object’s length, density, tension, and stiffness
11
Q
Frequency is the _ axis on a line spectrum
A
- X
12
Q
Frequency is the _ axis on a spectrogram
A
- Y
13
Q
The higher the frequency, the _____ the pitch
A
- higher
14
Q
T/F: Harmonics change the pitch
A
- false
15
Q
T/F: Pitch does not depend on the resonant frequency of the resonator
A
- true
16
Q
What type of pitch does thick, long vocal folds produce?
A
- low pitch
17
Q
What type of pitch does short, thin vocal folds produce?
A
- high pitch
18
Q
What is the period?
A
- the time required to complete 1 cycle
19
Q
What is the wavelength?
A
-distance of a segment of the wave that keeps repeating itself
20
Q
What is velocity and what is the speed of sound?
A
- how fast does a sound wave travel
- the speed of sound is taken to be 344 m/s
21
Q
What does in-phase mean?
A
- when the cycles of 2 waves are in unison
- they reach their maximum and minimum points simultaneously
22
Q
What does out-of-phase mean?
A
- when the motions of 2 waves are not in unison
23
Q
What are opposite waves?
A
- 180 degrees out-of-phase
- when one wave is at a minimum point while the other is at a maximum point, and vice versa
24
Q
What are harmonics?
A
- frequencies created by partial vibrations
25
T/F: Harmonics do not change a sound's pitch
-true
26
T/F: sine waves have harmonics
-false
27
Is the first harmonic the lowest frequency or highest frequency of a sound?
- lowest
28
What can you see about harmonics on a line spectrum?
- shows amount of acoustic energy at each harmonic frequency
| - vertical lines are harmonics
29
The smaller the portion of the string that vibrates, the less or more intensity is achieved?
- less
30
What happens to the spaces between harmonics as F0 increases?
- they become farther and farther apart
31
Are harmonics revealed on narrow bandwidth spectrograms or wide bandwidth spectrograms?
- narrow bandwidth spectrograms
32
What is tube resonance?
- a uniform tube that is closed at one end and open at another has resonance frequencies determined by the length of the tube
33
Is tube resonance lower or higher for longer tubes?
- lower
| - and higher for shorter tubes
34
T/F: Non-uniform tubes vary around the values for a uniform tube
- true
35
Are musical instruments periodic or aperiodic?
- periodic
36
For a complex periodic sound, what is the frequency produced by?
-the vibration of the sound producer
37
Is F0 the highest or lowest frequency of a sound?
- lowest
38
What is F0 perceived as?
- pitch
39
T/F: Vocal folds are constantly changing in F0 as the speaker places emphasis on certain sounds and the vocal folds slow down and speed up
- true
40
Most speaker's F0 is higher than ___ Hz
50
41
What is F0 indicated by in a spectrogram?
- vertical lines at the bottom of the spectrogram with each line representing one cycle of vocal fold vibration
42
Fundamental frequency is the number of _____
- cycles per sec of vibration
43
What is the relationship between fundamental frequency and harmonics?
- it is the first harmonic
| - harmonics are whole number of multiples of the fundamental frequency
44
What are the x and y axes on a line spectum?
- x axis is frequency
| - y axis is intensity (dB)
45
Describe forced vibration
- when a wave passes through a medium, it causes it to vibrate
- objects have a specific natural frequency based on the material and type of the object; this is the frequency an object vibrates at when it is disturbed
- vibrations from 1 object can set another object into vibration if the RFs of both are close to each other
- the NFs of both objects have to be the same or within a certain distance of each other
46
Describe resonance
- objects that have the same natural frequency as an incoming wave will have their vibration made more intense because the wave keeps putting energy into the object again and again at just the right time
- an object will vibrate (oscillate) with greater intensity when it is subjected to vibrations at its natural frequency
- peaks in filter spectrum
- 1st natural resonance= 1st formant
- resonances are odd multiples of lowest natural resonance
47
How is the vocal tract a resonator/filter?
- it's a column of air
- vibrations are modified due to the shape of the vocal tract
- different parts of the vocal tract act as different filters for the vibrating filters (resonant filters)
48
Do shorter tubes have a higher resonant frequency or lower resonant frequency?
- higher resonant frequency
49
Does a short vocal tract have lower or higher formants?
- higher formants
50
T/F: Source (vocal fold vibration) and filter (vocal tract configuration) can be adjusted independently
- true
51
A _____ vocal tract can have a pathological source
- normal
52
A ______ vocal tract can have a normal source
- pathological
53
What causes formants to be present in a speech signal?
- filtering effect of vocal tract as a resonator
54
What do formants look like on a spectrogram?
- when the harmonics are added together, they appear on a spectrogram as broad horizontal bands of strong acoustic energy and are called formants
55
Do formants appear on a wideband spectrogram or narrow bandwidth spectrogram?
- wideband spectrogram
56
Formants are the ____ frequencies of the vocal tract
- resonant
57
The first formant is also the first what?
- natural resonance
58
What formants are we concerned with?
- 3rd and 4th
59
What do formant patterns reflect?
- different shapes of the vocal tract
60
? + ? = formants
- vocal fold vibration
| - vocal tract as filter
61
What are the x and y axes on the spectrogram?
- x axis is time
| - y axis is frequency
62
What are nodes?
- in a standing wave, nodes are points along the wave where the wave has minimum amplitude
- a particle vibration is at a minimum, pressure is higher, volume velocity is at a minimum
63
What are anti-nodes?
- in a standing wave, anti-nodes are points along the wave where the wave has a maximum amplitude
- particle vibration is at a maximum, volume velocity is at a maximum
64
What happens when you constrict at a node?
- constricting the tube near a node raises the formant frequency
65
What happens when you constrict at an anti-node?
- constricting the tube near an anti-node lowers the formant frequency
66
Is F1 raised with more or less constriction in the posterior portion of the vocal tract?
- more constriction
67
Is F1 raised with more or less constriction in the anterior portion?
- less constriction
68
Is F1 lowered with more or less constriction at the anterior portion of the vocal tract?
- more constriction
69
Is F1 lowered with more or less constriction in the posterior portion?
- less constriction
70
Does F2 increase or decrease when pharyngeal cavity constriction increases?
- decrease
71
Does F2 increase or decrease when constriction in the palatal region increases?
- increase
72
What is the most important thing that differentiates sounds (vowels and consonants alike)?
- the location and degree of constriction
73
What are the x and y axes on a vowel space graph?
- y axis: F1 and represents tongue constriction/height
| - x axis: F2 and represents front/back tongue position
74
What are diphthongs?
- a vowel for which resonant characteristics change during its production
- produced by uttering 2 vowels as one phonetic (and phonological unit)
- involves a quick shifting of the articulator
75
What are the four generally accepted distinctive diphthongs?
- / aɪ /
- / aʊ /
- / ɔɪ /
- / ju /
76
What are diphthongs characterized by?
- characterized by feature shifts made during their production
- first 3 formants
- steady-state, formant transition, second steady-state
77
What are formant transitions?
- changes in formant frequency caused by shifting the articulators
78
What is the attenuation rate/ roll-off rate?
- the rate at which the resonator's amplitude of response is attenuated
- how fast the resonator decreases in its amplitude of response to different frequencies
- the shallowness or steepness of the slope of the resonance curve
79
Describe sonorous sounds
- have periodic vocal fold vibration, harmonics, formats
80
Describe less sonorous sounds
- may be VF vibration, but less presence of harmonics and formants, aperiodic noise, shorter duration, less amplitude
81
Put the following in order from most energy to least energy: fricatives, approximants, vowels, stops
- vowels
- approximants
- fricatives
- stops
82
Put the following in order from most constriction to least constriction: approximants, vowels, stops, fricatives
- stops
- fricatives
- approximants
- vowels
83
What are the 3 manners that are sonorant consonants?
- glides
- liquids
- nasals
84
What is /r/ characterized by?
- a big drop in F3
85
Nasals have antiformants. What are these and how do you identify them on a spectrogram?
- very light bands on the spectrogram during the closure
86
Nasals have nasal murmurs. What are these and how do you identify them on the spectrogram?
- low frequency, high energy
| - wider and more intense than a "voice bar"
87
What are fricatives characterized by? Where is it created at and what does it tell us?
- high-frequency turbulent noise
| - created in the front of the closure and this tells us information about where the closure is
88
Describe the three things stops are characterized by on a spectrogram
- silent gap: low-frequency voice bar for voiced stops as vocal folds continue to vibrate- but most energy gets absorbed due to the complete stop closure
- burst: brief vertical line across a wide range of frequencies on a spectrogram
- formant transitions: before and after silent gap; these give us cues to where the stop closure occurred
89
What is coarticulation?
- influence of the articulation of one sound on the articulation of other sounds in the same utterance
90
What are suprasegmentals?
- features of speech that go beyond the single-sound level
91
What are 4 parts of prosody?
- intonation
- stress
- duration
- rhythm
92
What is intonation?
- declination across an utterance
93
What is stress?
- place on syllables; lexical stress vs sentence stress
94
What is duration?
- typically longer in stressed syllables, can vary for other reasons than stress
95
What is syntactic prosody?
- pattern of intonation, stress, timing indicates syntactic structure
- e.g disambiguating an ambiguous sentence, statements vs questions
96
What is emotional prosody?
- pattern of intonation, stress, timing indicates speaker's emotional state
97
What is speech rate?
- may vary independently of prosody and stress
| - some sounds reduce more in duration when we speak at a faster rate
98
Speech acoustics vary on a continuum, but we perceive speech sounds (especially consonants) as belonging to what?
- categories
99
T/F: Infants perceive a wider range of speech sound distinctions
- true
100
_____ properties can be used to characterize dysphonic voice
- acoustic
| - ex) F0, intensity, harmonic power
101
Is abnormal vocal fold vibration more or less periodic?
- less
102
What is a jitter?
- cycle-to-cycle perturbation in frequency
| - i.e. frequency does not stay consistent across cycles
103
What is a shimmer?
- cycle-to-cycle perturbation in amplitude
| - amplitude does not stay consistent across cycles
104
T/F: There is not high variability in the way individuals articulate /r/
- false
105
Where are the two places on a tongue that constrict during /r/ production?
- tongue root at pharynx
| - tongue blade more anteriorly in the oral cavity
106
What are the sibilant sounds? They are also fricatives
- /s/
- /ʃ/
- /ʒ/
107
What are the semi-vowels?
- liquids
| - glides
108
What are the resonants?
- nasals
- liquids
- glides
109
What are the non-resonants?
- stops
- fricatives
- affricatives
- sibilants
110
If you had to pick a formant to focus on for a kiddo who substitutes w/r, which one would it be?
- F3
