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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Organs of PNS

A

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, Enteric Plexuses, Sensory Receptors, Motor Receptors

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3
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Detect stimuli; convey info to CNS

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4
Q

Association/ Integration Neurons

A

Integration of sensory info and decision making

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5
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Motor output; carry info from CNS to effectors and organs

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6
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

Rapid autonomic responses

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7
Q

Types of reflex arcs

A

Somatic - stim. skeletal muscle

Autonomic/ Enteric - stim. smooth & cardiac muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands, adipose tissue

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8
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Circuitry connecting all regions of body to nervous system

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10
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons

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11
Q

Which type of nervous tissue continues to divide mitoticaly?

A

Neuroglia

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12
Q

Which tissues possess electrical excitability?

A

Neurons and muscle tissue

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13
Q

Membrane potentials

A

Electrical signals that travel along cell membrane

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14
Q

Types of membrane potentials:

A

Graded potentials and action potentials

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15
Q

Graded potentials:

A

Short distance and variable voltage (diminishes with distance)

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16
Q

Action potentials:

A

Long distance and constant voltage

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17
Q

3 main parts of neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body, and axon

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18
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between neurons and other cells/glands

19
Q

Types of Synaptic Cells:

A
  1. Between two neurons
  2. Neuromuscular synapse
  3. Neuroglandular synapse
20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers passing between chemical synapses - excitatory or inhibitory

21
Q

Structural classifications of neurons

A
  1. Multipolar - cell body in CNS
  2. Bipolar - areas of special senses
  3. Unipolar - cell podies in ganglia of PNS, right outside spinal cord
22
Q

Types of Multipolar Neurons

A

Purkinje (cerebellum) and Pyramidal (cerebral cortex) cells

23
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Gap junctions between cells; ion channels made of connexons. In smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

24
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Synaptic cleft between cells; chemical messenger passes through.

25
Q

Differences between electrical and chemical synapses

A

Electrical is faster and two-way communication; Chemical is one-way communication; Chemical uses neurotransmitters.

26
Q

Na+ and Ca+ influx cause:

A

Depolarization; AP generated

27
Q

K- and Cl- influx cause:

A

Polerization; AP not generated

28
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Sum of AP from multiple synapses of presynaptic neurons

29
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Sum of AP from single synapse/location, but many times in succession

30
Q

Types of Glia in CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Ependymal Cells
31
Q

Types of Glia in PNS

A
  1. Schwann Cells

2. Satellite Cells

32
Q

Astrocytes Functions

A

Branching provides strength, maintain permeability (BBB), secrete chemical in embryo affecting development, aid nerve impulses, role in learning/memory.

33
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin sheath of the CNS

34
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes in the CNS; remove debris, microbes, and damaged tissue

35
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line ventricles of brain and spinal cord; produce CSF and create blood-CSF barrier

36
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelin sheath of PNS and axon regeneration

37
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia (unipolar cells)

38
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Nerve impulse “jumps” node to node; faster and more efficient

39
Q

Continuous Conduction

A

NO MYELIN SHEATH - entire axon continuously depolarized; less efficient and slower

40
Q

4 Neural Circuits

A
  1. Diverging
  2. Converging
  3. Reverberating
  4. Parallel
41
Q

Plasticity

A

Capability to change, grow, and repair; Sprouting, new proteins, and changes to synaptic contacts

42
Q

Sprouting

A

Growth of new dendrites to make new connections

43
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Growth of new neurons from stem cells – Only in hippocampus of humans

Human Anatomy (2 decks)

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