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Molecular Biology of the Gene > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has uracil instead of thymine
RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA is single stranded

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2
Q

What is similar in RNA and DNA?

A

Both have a 5’ to 3’ phosphate backbone

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3
Q

Discuss RNA being single stranded

A

Although RNA is single stranded, it can bind to itself with hydrogen bonds between complementary sequences. When it does this, it can create secondary structures that improve its stability.

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4
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger RNA) = coding RNA
tRNA(transfer RNA) =carries amino acids to the ribosome and interacts with mRNA
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) = component of the ribosome
miRNA (micro RNA) = regulation of translation
circRNA (circular RNA) = circular molecule that perform a large variety of functions including some coding.

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5
Q

Which RNA types discussed are considered non-coding RNA and what is usually their purpose?

A

tRNA
rRNA
miRNA
circRNA *exception- small amt of coding possible
Non-coding RNA is usually involved with the regulation and controls of transcription and translation.

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6
Q

What are some secondary structures RNA can form?

A 
bulge
internal loop
hairpin
junction
tetraloop = C(UUCG)G
pseudoknot
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7
Q

How does RNA increase its stability?

A 
base pairing with itself
forming secondary structures
H bond between base and phosphate backbone (tetraloop)
base stacking (tetraloop)
Uracil can base pair with guanine
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8
Q

Why is uracil binding with guanine not an issue for RNA as it would be for DNA?

A

RNA has already been coded for and is single stranded so the nucleotide sequence is not changed.

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9
Q

Example of RNA as an enzyme

A

RNAse P

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10
Q

RNAse P function

A
  • endoribonuclease
  • small portion made of protein but mostly RNA
  • cleaves pre-tRNA precursor to create mature tRNA
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11
Q

RNA Pol I

A

encodes for rRNA large subunit

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12
Q

RNA Pol III

A

encodes for small rRNA subunit & tRNA

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13
Q

RNA Pol II

A

encodes for mRNA

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14
Q

transcription of rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA is heavily transcribed and thus multiple RNA Polymerases are present to transcribe several rRNA simultaneously

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15
Q

Template strand

A

The strand of DNA that the RNA is transcribed from that is complementary to the RNA sequence

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16
Q

Coding strand

A

DNA strand that has the same sequence as the RNA except thymine is replaced with uracil

17
Q

Pol IV and Pol V

A

RNA polymerases that encode for siRNA

18
Q

What is a promoter and what is essential to it?

A

the sequence where RNA polymerase first binds to transcribe a gene

  • It is directional 5’ > 3’
  • On the template strand that is being transcribed
  • near the start site (either upstream or very near downstream)
  • key to regulation as it can determine how often and with what affinity a polymerase binds to it to start transcription
  • contains the core promoter sequence in eukaryotes
19
Q

Terminator

A

sequence that determines where transcription stops

20
Q

Transcription steps

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
21
Q

RNA Polymerase II core promoter elements

A

short DNA sequence of around 40 bp with one or two sequence elements either upstream or just downstream of start site. These elements could be:

  • TATA-box
  • Inr : Initiator element
  • TFIIB- binding element (Inr)
  • downstream promoter element (DPE, DCE, MTE)
22
Q

Pre-initiation complex

A
  • TFIID
  • TBP
  • TFIIA
  • TFIIB
23
Q

General transcription factors required for in vitro transcription

A
  • TFIID
  • TBP
  • TFIIA
  • TFIIB
  • TFIIE
  • TFIIH
24
Q

TFIID

A

Recognizes TATA box promoter sequence

25
Q

TBP

A

binds to the TATA box and bends/ distorts the sequence to allow others to bind to it

26
Q

TFIIA

A

Stabilizes TFIID binding

27
Q

TFIIB

A

Recruits RNA Pol II and melts DNA

28
Q

TFIIE

A

Recruits TFIIH

Helps Pol II escape promoter

29
Q

TFIIH

A

Helps Pol II escape
DNA melting
Helicase
Essential for NER

Molecular Biology of the Gene (2 decks)

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