exam 2

Question 1

Human Rights

Answer 1

The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization.

Question 2

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Answer 2

Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, this declaration defines a “common standard of achievement for all peoples” and forms the foundation of modern human rights law.

Question 3

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Answer 3

The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations.

Question 4

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

Answer 4

The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that specifies the basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and nations.

Question 5

International Bill of Rights

Answer 5

Refers collectively to the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICESCR. Together, these three agreements form the core of the international human rights regime.

Question 6

NonderogableRights

Answer 6

Rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including at times of public emergency.

Question 7

Prisoners of Conscience (POCs)

Answer 7

A label coined and used by the human rights organization Amnesty International to refer to individuals imprisoned solely because of the peaceful expression of their beliefs.

Question 8

Why Do States Violate Human Rights?

Answer 8

• Lack of capacity
• Foreign threats
• Sovereignty
• To maintain power

Question 9

Individual Petition

Answer 9

A right that permits individuals to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights.

Question 10

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Answer 10

A court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on the territory of a state party, or the UNSC has referred the case to the prosecutor.

Question 11

Civil War

Answer 11

An armed conflict that occurs between organized actors within a state and that meets some minimum threshold for severity

Question 12

2 sources of interest for Civil Wars

Answer 12

• Grievances

* Greed

Question 13

Dissatisfied Groups have 3 options

Answer 13

• Leave the state
• Alter its policies
• Take over the state

Question 14

Separatism

Answer 14

The desire to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state.

Question 15

Irredentism

Answer 15

The desire to detach a region from one country and attach it to another, usually because of shared ethnic or religious ties.

Question 16

Factors that contribute to civil war

Answer 16

• Political institutions and regime type
• Wealth
• Demographics and geography

Question 17

Proxy Wars

Answer 17

A conflict in which two opposing states “fight” by supporting opposite sides in a war, such as the government and rebels in a third state.

Question 18

Civil wars can occur when…

Answer 18

• Groups have greed and grievances
• No regular political institution to resolve greed and grievances
• Overcome the collective action problem regarding troops and finances

Question 19

Insurgency

Answer 19

A military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit-and-run attacks against military, government, and civilian targets.

Question 20

Institutions

Answer 20

Sets of rules, known and shared by the community, that structure political interactions in specific ways.

Question 21

Honor killing

Answer 21

In certain cultures, the killing of a relative, especially a girl or a woman, who is perceived to have brought dishonor on the family.