Exam 2 Flashcards
Erikson’s theory of personality
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
What does basic trust vs. mistrust mean?
Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met
What does autonomy vs. shame/doubt mean?
Infants succeed or fail in gaining sense of self-rule over their own actions & bodies
What is distal parenting?
maintain more physical distance
give toys, encouraging self-feeding, talking face-to-face
What is proximal parenting?
close physical contact with child’s entire body
Ethnotheory
a child rearing theory that is embedded within a particular culture or ethnic group
What is the Keller study about?
78 rural Nso of West Africa & urban Greek parents & infants
What are the findings of Keller et al?
- Nso mothers were proximal parents whereas Greek parents were distal parents
- Nso toddlers did NOT recognize themselves in a mirror, while Greek toddlers were self-aware
- Culture is expressed in our parenting styles
What are the basic emotions in First Year?
Happiness, anger, fear
When is happiness expressed in first year
social smile: 6-10 weeks
laughter: 3-4 months
When is anger expressed in first year
general distress (from birth) anger: 4-8 months
When is fear expressed in first year
Stranger wariness and separation anxiety: 9-14 months
What are the self-conscious emotions, when do they emerge
Shame, guilt, embarrassment, envy, pride
Emerge in second year as toddlers become aware of selves as separate and unique
What is self-awareness?
the realization that one is a unique person separate from others
When does “me-self” emerge?
15-18 months
What is dot-of-rouge (Lewis & Brooks) experiment
babies couldn’t recognize themselves as indicated by not touching red dot on face
Self awareness is a prerequisite for pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment, jealousy & empathy
What is temperament (New York Longitudinal Study, Thomas & chess)?
Inborn differences between one person & another in emotions, activity, and self-control
Both genes & child rearing practices affect temperament
What is New York Longitudinal Study, Thomas & Chess
Easy
Difficult
Slow-to-warm-up
Unclassified
Jerome Kagan’s work on predictors of shyness & sociability (video)
Motor behavior in hands and feet predicts shyness nad sociability. React to stimulus = quiet, no response = sociable
Goodness of fit (Stupica, Sherman, & cassidy)
Difficult babies not necessarily fated to remain difficult. Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environment. Environment matters when it comes to temperament
What does synchrony mean in development of social bonds in infancy? What is an example?
Coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant that starts the process of attachment. Critical for socioemotional development. An example is the still face technique
What is still face technique? What does it show?
technique where mother and baby interact. On cue, parents show still face. Babies hate this MORE THAN if they had left altogether. Used to show importance of social interaction for baby
What is the study of temperament & attachment (Stupica, Sherman & Cassidy, 2007) about?
Attachment assessed in 84 irritable newborns at 12 months using Strange Situation
What are the findings of temperament & attachment study by Supica, Sherman, & Cassidy?
- Highly irritable infants who were securely attached were more social & just as adept
- All infants who were insecurely attached were less social & less skilled at exploring
What is attachment?
An affectional tie that one person forms with another–a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. Close emotional bond.
Type A
Insecure-avoidant
Type B
Secure
Type C
Insecure-Rsistant
Type D
Disorganized/disoriented
Internal Working model of attachment (ethological theory of attachment, J Bowlby)
psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of mental representations, specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of others’ reactions to the self
What is the prototype of all later love relationships?
Internal working model
How to measure attachment?
Strange Situation (ala Ainsworth), 20-minute lab session conducted for 1-year-old
What are the key behaviors in Strange situation
- Seeking (or avoiding) proximity
- Maintaining or resisting contact
- Ease of comforting upon reunion
- Ability of infant to use PCG
What is insecure-avoidant attachment
Type A
play independently without maintaining contact
What is secure attachment
Type B
Feel comfortable and confident
Caregivier is a base for exploration, providing assurance and enabling discovery
What is insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
Type C
Cling to caregiver and are angry at being left
What is disorganized attachment
Type D
May shift suddenly from hitting to kissing their mothers, from staring blankly to crying hysterically
Factors that affect attachment
opportunity for attachment
quality of caregiving
infant characteristics (difficult babies more likely to develop insecure attachment)
parents’ internal working models
“Continuity of caregiving” -> attachment security
need booster shots, effects of early attachment depends on subsequent events
Secure base
usually a caregiver. provides comfort for child
AAI (Main, Kaplan & Cassidy)
Adult Attachment Interview
What does AAI do?
taps current state of mind regarding early attachment relationships
Anxious-avoidant -> dismissing
Secure -> secure
Anxious-resistant -> preoccupied
AAI classifications
Secure, dismissing, preoccupied
What does secure mean in AAI
objective evaluation of childhood experiences with clear and coherent discourse
What does dismissing mean in AAI
Lack of memories and stereotyped descriptions, derogation of attachment
What does preoccupied mean in AAI
conflicted and confused discourse. Passivity or involved anger, relive the moment
What does attachment predict
Personality and social development into adulthood
secure people have higher self esteem
secure attachment is associated with positive outcomes such as social competence, academics, and quality of parenting
What happens to body growth from 2 to 6 years?
Slimmer and more muscular
over 3’’ growth and 4.5 lbs per year
What is a typical 6-year-old height and weight
46lbs and 46’’
What is the just right phenomenon?
Young children tend to be picky eaters who insist on rituals, child insists that a particular experience occurs in an exact sequence and manner, declines after 3
By age 6, brain is what percentage of adult weight?
90%
Role of prefrontal cortex development
(social understanding)
impulse control
attention
emotion regulation
Speed of processing depends on
myelination
fatty coating on axons that speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
corpus callosum myelinates rapidly from…
from 2-6 years leading to more efficient communication between hemispheres. children can now coordinate the two sides of the brain/body
lateralization
aka sidedness refers to specialization of certain functions by each side of the brain
ie language and handedness
What are emotions controlled by
limbic system
crucial for expression and regulation of emotions
What are the parts of limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus
What does amygdala control
emotions (fear, anxiety). Development leads to nightmares
What does hippocampus control
Memory (ie location)
What does hypothalamus control
responds to amygdala and hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
What does the dimensional change card sort task (Zelazo, Frye, and Rapus, 1996) show?
Advances in maturation of the prefrontal cortex between 2 & 6 years include: Language Social awareness Perseveration Planning and analyzing
How is the gross motor development showed in early childhood?
Balance improves
Run, jump, gallop, skip
greater speed and endurance
How is the fine motor development showed in early childhood?
Self-help: dressing, eating & tying shoes
Drawing
How is the artistic expression development showed in early childhood?
Scribbles during 2nd year
not self-critical at this age, and think they’re the best at everything.
First representational forms by age 3.
Boundaries and people (include ‘tadpole’ drawings by 2-4 y/o. More realistic drawings by 5-6 y/o
When are ‘tadpoles’ drawn?
3 y/o
When is Piaget’s pre-operational stage
age 2-7
What happens in Piaget’s pre-operational stage? What is the role of symbolic thought?
- Gains in mental representation (make-believe play, language)
- detaches from real life conditions and is increasingly less self-centered. Becomes more complex after age 2, ie sociodramatic play. After age 2, can be more creative such as using a block as a phone vs only a toy phone as a phone
What are the limitations of preoperational thought
centration (e.g. egocentrism)
focus on appearance
static reasoning
irreversibility
What is centration
the tendency to focus (center) on one aspect of the situation
e.g. a child insists that her “daddy” is a father, not a brother
What is egocentrism, and what’s an example
the inability to consider another person’s point of view
e.g. Piaget’s 3 mountain problem, children can’t see doll’s POV of mountains
How is egocentrism not the same as selfishness?
A child comforts his sad father by giving him a teddy bear
What does ‘focus on appearance’ mean?
young children tend to focus only on what is apparent & ignore other relevant attributes
e.g. girl with short hair must be a boy
What does ‘static reasoning’ mean?
Young children use static reasoning & assume the world unchanging
e.g. boy surprised to learn that his teacher is also someone’s mother
What is ‘irreversibility’?
The inability to reverse a series of steps
e.g. children can’t see reversing a progress restores something to its original state (kid won’t eat hamburger if it’s ‘‘contaminated’’ by the lettuce even after the lettuce is removed)
What is conservation
physical traits of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance
