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PSYC 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 processes of develeopemnt

A

physical: puberty, height
cognitive: how we think, learn, language socioemotional: emotions and personality

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2
Q

Nature

A

refers to an organisms biological inheritance

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3
Q

Nurture

A

refers to an organism’s environmental experiences

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4
Q

Prenatal development: Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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5
Q

Prenatal development; 3 periods:

A

Germinal (0-2 weeks)- cell division, zygote clings to uterus
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)- spinal cord. eyes, heart, arms, legs, and intestines
Fetal (2-9 months)-
- 5th: heart sounds; sleep patterns
- 6th- eyes and eyelids, grasping reflex
-7th slowed growth
- 8th senses functioning

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6
Q

Physical Development in INFANCY: reflexes we lose and keep

A

keep- blinking, coughing, yawning

lose- rooting (touch and turn), sucking, Palmer’s Grasping, stepping, Babinski (foot stroke)

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7
Q

Cognitive Development in INFANCY

A

Increase in- dendrites, myelinated axons, synaptic connections

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8
Q

Physical Development in EARLY CHILDHOOD

A

growth rate slows, gross and fine motor skills increase, ages 3-6: rapid growth in frontal lobe

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9
Q

Physical Development in LATE CHILDHOOD

A

age 10- the brain is 95% of adult weight

smoother, more coordinated actions

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10
Q

Jean Piaget: 4 Stages of Developement

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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11
Q

Erik Erickson: 8 Psychological Stages

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS:

4 STAGES IN CHILDHOOD

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12
Q

ATTACHMENT: Ainsworth, Harlow

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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13
Q

ATTACHMENT: Konrad Lorenz

A
  • imprinting
  • sensitive period
  • separated geese eggs
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14
Q

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Indulgent, Neglectful

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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15
Q

Maccoby and Martin’s Framework (1983)

A

behavioral control- parents as social agents

warmth, support- parents recognize child individuality

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16
Q

Androgens

A

male sex hormones

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17
Q

Estrogens

A

female sex hormones

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18
Q

Puberty

A

period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation

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19
Q

Hormone Changes

A

testosterone and estradiol

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20
Q

Brain Development

A

Amygdala before prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

Adolescence: Cognitive Development

A
  • Piaget’s formal operational stage

- Egocentric: everyone is preoccupied with me, I am indestructable

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22
Q

Adolescence: Socioemotional Development

A
  • who they are and where they’re going in life *Erickson
  • exploration, commitment
  • becoming aware of who you are as a member of an ethnic group
  • Parents vs. peers
  • –> peer value increase
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23
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

transition from adolescence to adulthood

  • identify exploration
  • instability in residecence, finances
  • self-focused
  • feeling “in-between”
  • age or possibilities
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24
Q

Early adulthood (20s to late 30s)

A
  • healthiest
  • more bad habits
  • reach peak physical development
  • more realistic, logical thinking
  • long term memory declines
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25
Q

Middle Adulthood (40s to 65)

A
  • more concerned about health
  • 3 biggest health concerns:
    heart disease, cancer, and weight
  • Menopause
  • intellectual skills peak
  • crystalized intelligence (cumulative knowledge and verbal skills) and fluid intelligence (ability to reason)
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26
Q

life expectancy

A

number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year

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27
Q

free radical theory

A

unstable oxygen molecules cause aging

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28
Q

hormonal stress theory

A

aging lowers resistance to stress and disease

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29
Q

Sensation

A

process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment

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30
Q

Perception

A

organizing and interpreting sensory information

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31
Q

Transduction

A

when sensory information is converted to neural impulses that can be understood by the brain

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32
Q

sensory receptors

A

special cells that convert physical energy into electrochemical energy

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33
Q

physical stimulus

A

the energy source that stimulates

ex: voice is producing sound waves

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34
Q

physiological Response

A

the electrical activity that occurs in your brain and nervous system
ex: sound waves enter your ear and are translated through your brain

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35
Q

sensory experience

A

psychological subjective sense

ex: reaction and feeling from the sound

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36
Q

absolute threshold

A

the MINIMUM amount of energy that can be detected

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37
Q

noise

A

anything that is irrelevant and competing stimuli

38
Q

subliminal perception

A

detecting information below conscious awareness

ex: heavy metal males kids harm themselves

39
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference a person can detect between two stimuli

40
Q

Weber’s Law

A

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %, not a fixed amount

41
Q

signal detection theory

A

decision-making about stimuli in the presence or uncertainty

42
Q

sensory adabtation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

43
Q

light

A

form of electromagnetic energy described in terms of wavelengths

44
Q

wavelengths

A

distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

45
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color we experience

46
Q

amplitude

A

height of the hue, brightness

47
Q

purity

A

a mixture of wavelengths in the light; saturation or richness

48
Q

sclera

A

protects and helps maintain the shape of the eye (white outer part)

49
Q

cornea

A

bends light to provide focus and begin to form an image

- clear membrane in front of eye

50
Q

pupil

A

iris regulates size

  • adjustable opening at the center of your eye
  • size based on amount of light
51
Q

lens

A
  • focuses on light into an image in the retina

- changes shape based on the distance of an object

52
Q

retina

A

begins the processing of visual information

53
Q

fovea

A

a small area on the center of the retina where vision is best

54
Q

receptor cells

A

126 million

- responsible for converting the light energy from electrochemical energy and can be read by the brain

55
Q

rods

A

detect BLACK, WHITE and GRAY

–night vision

56
Q

cones

A

detect COLOR, require light

-clustered in fovea

57
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the eye to the brain

58
Q

blind spot

A

area of the retina where there are no rods or cones

59
Q

nearsightedness

A
  • lens does not become flat enough

- light rays from distant objects focus in front of the retina

60
Q

farsightedness

A
  • lens does not become spherical enough

0 light rays from nearby objects focus behind the retina

61
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point in the brain where optic nerve fibers divide

62
Q

perception

A

ability to interpret and make sense of sensory information

63
Q

bottom-up processing

A

processing that starts with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain

64
Q

bottom-up processing

A

processing that starts with the sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain

65
Q

top-down processing

A

starts with cognitive processing the brain

66
Q

gestalt

A

integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

67
Q

perceptual consistency

A

objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input is changing

68
Q

visual illusions

A

the dependency between reality and the principal representation of it
- when principal cues lead to errors

69
Q

sound waves

A

vibrations from objects

70
Q

frequency

A

number of wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time

71
Q

amplitude

A

amount of pressure produced by a sound wave

- loudness

72
Q

outer ear: pinna

A

funnel to create sounds

73
Q

middle ear

A

eardrum and auditory ossicles

74
Q

eardrum

A

membrane that vibrates in response to waves

75
Q

auditory ossicles

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

76
Q

inner ear

A

oval window, cochlea

77
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled tube

78
Q

basilar membrane

A

lines walls of the cochlea

  • hair cells line basilar membrane
  • sensory receptors of the ear
79
Q

auditory nerve

A

carried natural impulses from the ear to the brain’s auditory area

80
Q

auditory cortex

A

in temporal lobe

81
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our environment

82
Q

higher- level awareness

A
  • controlled processes

- actively focusing your attention on a certain goal

83
Q

lower-level awareness

A
  • automatic process
  • selective attention is put on mute
  • require minimal attention
  • day dreaming
84
Q

altered states of consciousness

A

trauma, drugs, sleep deprivation…

85
Q

subconscious awareness

A

things that are happening in our mind that we aren’t consciously aware of it happening

86
Q

no awareness

A

unconscious

87
Q

EEG

A

amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain

88
Q

beta waves

A

small- fast waves when you’re awake

89
Q

alpha waves

A

large- slow waves when you’re awake and relaxed

90
Q

sleep spindles

A

short bursts of activity

91
Q

delta waves

A

very large, very slow waves associated with deep sleep

92
Q

circadian rhythms

A

daily behavioral or physiological cycles

PSYC 101 (1 decks)

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