exam 2

Question 1

underlying hypothetical characteristics or processes that are hypothesized to exist but cannot directly be observed (example - intelligence)

Answer 1

conceptual variable

Question 2

defining a variable in terms of procedures used to measure/or manipulate it

Answer 2

operational definition

Question 3

degree to which items on a measure appear to be reasonable (subjective)

Answer 3

face validity

Question 4

degree to which the items on a measure adequately represent the entire range or set of items that could have been appropriately included; (subjective)

Answer 4

content validity

Question 5

refers to the consistency of measurement

Answer 5

reliability

Question 6

increased by including similar items on a measure, by testing a diverse sample of individuals, and by using uniform testing procedures

Answer 6

reliability

Question 7

refers to the truthfulness of a measure: Does it measure what it intends to measure?

Answer 7

validity

Question 8

represents the extent to which a measure assesses the theoretical construct it is designed to assess

Answer 8

construct validity

Question 9

determined by assessing convergent validity and discriminant validity

Answer 9

construct validity

Question 10

yields consistent or similar results each time it is administered

Answer 10

reliable self-report measures

Question 11

a large group of participants take the test twice and their scores on the tests should be similar

Answer 11

test-retest reliability

Question 12

looks at how well a self-report measure aligns with a behavioral outcome (ability of a measure to predict an outcome)

Answer 12

criterion validity

Question 13

when one measure recorded at one time predicts a criterion that occurs in the future

Answer 13

predictive validity

Question 14

look at someone’s current behavior and compare it simultaneously to a self-report measure/assessment

Answer 14

concurrent validity

Question 15

scores on a measure should correlate highly with scores on other measures of the same construct

Answer 15

convergent validity

Question 16

scores on a measure should not correlate too strongly with scores on measures of other or unrelated constructs

Answer 16

discriminant validity

Question 17

percentage of times two observers agree, over and beyond the degree of agreement that would be expected to occur by chance; it used with categorical data where you have mutually exclusive categories (nominal data)

Answer 17

Kappa

Question 18

number of times agree / number of opportunities to agree X 100

Answer 18

interrater reliability

Question 19

analyze with Spearman rank order correlation

Answer 19

ordinal data

Question 20

Pearson product correlation

Answer 20

interval/ratio scale data

Question 21

research methods that do not involve the manipulation of any variable by the researcher

Answer 21

descriptive methods

Question 22

determination of the relation between 2 variables

Answer 22

correlational study

Question 23

a study in which the variables to be studied are selected after they have occurred

Answer 23

ex post facto study

Question 24

seeks to determine the percentage of the population that has a certain characteristic, holds a particular opinion, or engages in a particular behavior

Answer 24

descriptive survey

Question 25

seeks to determine the relevant variables and how they are related

Answer 25

analytic survey

Question 26

why are they considered non-experimental?

Answer 26

they are considered non-experimental because we can only speculate the causation of the experiments. We can not conclude cause and effect

Question 27

what are the characteristics of experimental research?

Answer 27

the experiment is in a controlled setting. The researcher manipulates the IV in response to the DV

Question 28

more holistic in approach and does not focus on one or few variables, occurs in natural setting, and has a detailed and descriptive narrative of phenomena

Answer 28

qualitative research

Question 29

sets out with behavior to be measured in some way, it starts with preconceived hypothesis based on a theory, and is in a lab or controlled setting

Answer 29

quantitative study

Question 30

seeking answers to research questions by observing behavior in the real world

Answer 30

naturalistic observation

Question 31

research in which the goal is to learn about a culture or some aspect of a culture from the perspective of the members of that culture

Answer 31

ethnographic inquiry

Question 32

research in which the participant becomes part of the group being studied

Answer 32

participant observation

Question 33

7 to 10 participants with shared experiences or similar characteristics who meet for 1 to 1 1/2 hours to discuss a topic of common interest

Answer 33

focus group

Question 34

researcher actively gathers and interprets stories that individuals in their target group use to describe their lives

Answer 34

narrative studies

Question 35

studies involving the intensive observations of a single participant over an extended period of time

Answer 35

case studies

Question 36

involves the examination and analysis of extant artifacts, such as text-based materials

Answer 36

artifact analysis

Question 37

the collection and analysis of info and data in order to reconstruct past events

Answer 37

historiographies

Question 38

study of the common symbols that give meaning to human interaction within a social group context

Answer 38

symbolic interaction

Question 39

a qualitative research approach that attempts to develop theories of understanding based on data from the real world

Answer 39

grounded theory

Question 40

why are ethics vital to science?

Answer 40

science and psychology have a responsibility, “do no harm”, science and psychology try to improve lives, protect human and animal rights, need to have trust, benefits MUST outweigh risks