exam 2 Flashcards
underlying hypothetical characteristics or processes that are hypothesized to exist but cannot directly be observed (example - intelligence)
conceptual variable
defining a variable in terms of procedures used to measure/or manipulate it
operational definition
degree to which items on a measure appear to be reasonable (subjective)
face validity
degree to which the items on a measure adequately represent the entire range or set of items that could have been appropriately included; (subjective)
content validity
refers to the consistency of measurement
reliability
increased by including similar items on a measure, by testing a diverse sample of individuals, and by using uniform testing procedures
reliability
refers to the truthfulness of a measure: Does it measure what it intends to measure?
validity
represents the extent to which a measure assesses the theoretical construct it is designed to assess
construct validity
determined by assessing convergent validity and discriminant validity
construct validity
yields consistent or similar results each time it is administered
reliable self-report measures
a large group of participants take the test twice and their scores on the tests should be similar
test-retest reliability
looks at how well a self-report measure aligns with a behavioral outcome (ability of a measure to predict an outcome)
criterion validity
when one measure recorded at one time predicts a criterion that occurs in the future
predictive validity
look at someone’s current behavior and compare it simultaneously to a self-report measure/assessment
concurrent validity
scores on a measure should correlate highly with scores on other measures of the same construct
convergent validity
scores on a measure should not correlate too strongly with scores on measures of other or unrelated constructs
discriminant validity
percentage of times two observers agree, over and beyond the degree of agreement that would be expected to occur by chance; it used with categorical data where you have mutually exclusive categories (nominal data)
Kappa
number of times agree / number of opportunities to agree X 100
interrater reliability
analyze with Spearman rank order correlation
ordinal data
Pearson product correlation
interval/ratio scale data
research methods that do not involve the manipulation of any variable by the researcher
descriptive methods
determination of the relation between 2 variables
correlational study
a study in which the variables to be studied are selected after they have occurred
ex post facto study
seeks to determine the percentage of the population that has a certain characteristic, holds a particular opinion, or engages in a particular behavior
descriptive survey
seeks to determine the relevant variables and how they are related
analytic survey
why are they considered non-experimental?
they are considered non-experimental because we can only speculate the causation of the experiments. We can not conclude cause and effect
what are the characteristics of experimental research?
the experiment is in a controlled setting. The researcher manipulates the IV in response to the DV
more holistic in approach and does not focus on one or few variables, occurs in natural setting, and has a detailed and descriptive narrative of phenomena
qualitative research
sets out with behavior to be measured in some way, it starts with preconceived hypothesis based on a theory, and is in a lab or controlled setting
quantitative study
seeking answers to research questions by observing behavior in the real world
naturalistic observation
research in which the goal is to learn about a culture or some aspect of a culture from the perspective of the members of that culture
ethnographic inquiry
research in which the participant becomes part of the group being studied
participant observation
7 to 10 participants with shared experiences or similar characteristics who meet for 1 to 1 1/2 hours to discuss a topic of common interest
focus group
researcher actively gathers and interprets stories that individuals in their target group use to describe their lives
narrative studies
studies involving the intensive observations of a single participant over an extended period of time
case studies
involves the examination and analysis of extant artifacts, such as text-based materials
artifact analysis
the collection and analysis of info and data in order to reconstruct past events
historiographies
study of the common symbols that give meaning to human interaction within a social group context
symbolic interaction
a qualitative research approach that attempts to develop theories of understanding based on data from the real world
grounded theory
why are ethics vital to science?
science and psychology have a responsibility, “do no harm”, science and psychology try to improve lives, protect human and animal rights, need to have trust, benefits MUST outweigh risks
