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Diseases of Wildlife > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bridge vectors of WNV?

A

Humans, horses, alligators, and prairie dogs.

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2
Q

What passerines have low susceptibility to WNV?

A

Pigeons. Sparrows are moderate.

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3
Q

What are non-vectored transmissions of MNV in birds?

A

Oral and cloacal shedding in susceptible species, cage mate transmission, etc.

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4
Q

What are some overwintering mechanisms of WNV?

A

Persistent infections, horizontal transmission (suggested by WNV raptor deaths), survival of resting mosquitos, etc.
Evidence suggests WNV is maintained by resident birds and mosquitos.

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5
Q

What were the conclusions of the study studying christmas bird count WNV incidence?

A

Variation in counts can mask the effect of WNV.
Migrants that are counted may have not been exposed.
Early winter counts may not accurately reflect the spring breeding pop.

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6
Q

What explains variation in WNV occurance?

A

Loss of herd immunity, drought (forcing higher densities of birds near water), higher environmental temp (increases mosquito development and virus replication in mosquitos)

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7
Q

Why is St. Louis Encephalitis increasing?

A

Prevalence is too low to be detected in surveilance, and surveilance of this disease in uncommon.
Birds may re-introduce it by moving/migration.

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8
Q

Most tick born diseases are…

A

Bacterial, but babesiosis is protozoal, and powassan and heartland are viral. Lyme is the most common with 30k+ cases per year.

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9
Q

When did Lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) pop up?

A

1977, kids in rural Lyme, CT started getting arthritis and other issues. In 1978, I. dammini was identified as being a vector.

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10
Q

What is Lyme diseases’ history in Europe?

A

ECM described in the 20s. In 1948 started to treat w/ penicilin.

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11
Q

What is Lyme Borrelosis’s ecology?

A

Vectored by Ixodid ticks, and maintained in enzootic cycle between tick vectors and resevoir mammals and birds, like mice.

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12
Q

Where do ticks get Lyme disease?

A

They aren’t born with it, but must acquire it from an infected host. White tailed deer are significant hosts for adult ticks.

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13
Q

What stage of deer tick transmits the most disease?

A

Nymphal deer ticks, because they are super small and hard to detect.

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14
Q

Why is Lyme disease prevalence getting higher?

A

Changes in land use (more recreation outside), expansion of white-tailed deer populations, and expansions of ranges of tick vectors all play an important role. Climate change is also anticipated to play a role.

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15
Q

How can you prevent lyme disease?

A

Recognize tick habitat and carefully check for ticks when you come home.

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16
Q

How are some ways lyme disease is being controlled?

A

Application of acaricide via treatment device to deer, eradication of deer, feral cats, and rats, “damminix tick tubes”, which is permethrin coated cotton, Bb resevoir targeted vaccines.

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17
Q

What is tularemia?

A

“Francisella tularensis”, which is a fever that is vectored by ticks. Mostly in summer, and has no person-to-person transmission. Potential bioterrorism agent.

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18
Q

Why is tularemia becoming more common in the upper midwest?

A

More rainfall, higher rodent/rabbit densities.

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19
Q

What is Human Anaplasmosis?

A

First seen in WI in 1994, “Anaplasma phagocytophilum” is resevoired in small rodents.

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20
Q

What is Human Monocytic Ehrlichosis?

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, vectored by lone star tick and resevoired in WTF, canids, and raccoons.]

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21
Q

What is E. muris-like bacterium?

A

Detected in 2009, Ehrlichia muris, small rodent resevoirs.

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22
Q

What is Powassan fever?

A

Less than 100 cases since 1958, but also in europe. A flavivirus.

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23
Q

What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii, vectors are wood, dog, and brown ticks, resevoirs in small rodents. Transovarial transmission.

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24
Q

What is STARI?

A

Borrelia lonstarii, lone star tick. Gives you rashes.

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25
Q

Relapsing fever?

A

Detected in 1995 in japan and russia. A relapsing fever illness.Vectors in lx. scapularis and lx. pacificus (with pacificus dominating the transmission in the west).

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26
Q

What are some barriers to wildlife vaccines?

A

Huge, free ranging populations, and numerous species with different physiology and behaviours.

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27
Q

Why vacccinate wildlife?

A

Diseases can threaten human and livestock and endangered species. Its also an alternative to culling, which can be destructive.

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28
Q

What are factors of a successful wildlife vaccine?

A

The immunogen needs to be well characterized and highly protective, like rabies or plague.
Vaccines also need to show safety in both targeted and non-targeted species.
They need to be easy to administer and administered by several routes, including bait delivery systems.
They need to be thermally and genetically stable.
There needs to be a biomarker to identify vaccinated animals. (like glowing whiskers or somethin (sylvatic plague)).
They must induce sufficient herd immunity.
And finally, low cost and easy to scale up and manufacture.
Long term immunity, and community/government participation is also useful.

29
Q

What is ASF/ African Swine Fever?

A

A devastating disease, highly contagious and with high mortality rates. Controlled by isolation and slaughter, it can become an epidemic and has no treatments commercially available. It shows up in wild swine and is transmitted via ticks. It has been spreading madly.

30
Q

What are some obstacles to ASF vaccine development?

A

Inactivated viruses do not induce protection
It is complex, with ~160 genes encoded.
Provides no protection against similar viruses.

31
Q

What are vectors of the plague?

A

Yesinia pestis is transmitted via fleas (xenopsylla cheopsis) that exist on rats. 200 rodent and flea species can host plague.

32
Q

What are types of plague in humans?

A

Bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic, the latter two have a 100% fatality rate untreated.

33
Q

What species are dramatically affected by plague?

A

Prairie dogs, an important keystone species, are decimated by plague.

34
Q

Where does plague go when it quiets down?

A

Plague is hard to detect during this time - “enzootic” maintenence in more resistant small rodents, living in fleas, or possibly living in soil, amoebas, or other environmental sources.

35
Q

What are environmental drivers of epizootics?

A

Not fully understood, but warmer winters and increased rainfall could be facilitative to the plague.

36
Q

How is plague managed?

A

Vaccination of black footed ferrets, dusting burrows with insecticide to kill fleas, but they are becoming resistant.

37
Q

What are the phases of vaccine development for the sylvatic plague vaccine?

A

Purity –> efficacy –> safety –> field safety –> field efficacy –> implementation.

38
Q

What is the SPV?

A

An ocral vaccine for plague that fluoresces hair and whiskers.

39
Q

Whats the best host for lyme disease? Why are they increasing in prevalence?

A

Mice are. They are increasing b/c of habitat fragmentation.

40
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms behind diversity and disease relationships?

A

Diversity affects: the availability of susceptible hosts, the rate suceptble hosts encounter infections, and the availability of infected hosts.

41
Q

Why are western fence lizards good for lyme disease?

A

“encounter reduction”, also, they have HIGH tick burdens, but do not get lyme, and their blood meal clears ticks of lyme disease.

42
Q

What are resevoirs for M. cerebralis, or whirling disease/

A

Brown trout. Causes more rainbow trout to get the disease due to suseptible host augmentation.

43
Q

When do we expect dilution effects?

A

When communities are assembled in predictable ways, or when the most common and abundant species is the most competent host.

44
Q

When do we expect amplification effects?

A

When a species other than the most common is the most competent, like brown trout.
When species do not vary in competency, like with a very generalist pathogen like plague.

45
Q

List the influenza viruses.

A

A infects humans and animals. Waterfowl are the ultimate origin of these.
B infects humans.
C are minor pathogens.
D infects cattle and other ruminants.

46
Q

What influenza virus host has the largest range?

A

Birds, due to their large hemagglutinin distribution. Waterbirds are the main reservoir, with ducks and geese being the most important.

47
Q

How does AIV prevalence vary?

A

Predominates in late autumn/early winter, with lower levels in the spring.

48
Q

What are the two types of avian influena viruses?

A

LPAI, or low pathogenix, they are mild and typical of strains found in wild birds.
HPAI, high pathogenic, typical of domestic poultry.

49
Q

What might be responsible for the “mixing” of H and N in influenza?

A

Semi-aquatic mammals like otters.

50
Q

H5N1 was…

A

a pandemic in 1997, with all cases linked to contact with poultry.

51
Q

Hantaviruses are…

A

A bunyavirales order. Many diseases cause human and animal disease, and there are over 300 viruses. Potential “emerging disease.” They are rodent-borne. They have persistant infections and no/minimal disease in their natural hosts, and shed in urine, saliva, and feces. Each type has a SPECIFIC resevoir host.

52
Q

Sin Nombre Virus/ HPS…

A

1993, high number of respitory distress in adults. Progresses very rapidly. 55% mortality. Related to hantavirus, has the natural host of a deer mouse. Caused by an explosion of rodent population due to high rainfall after a drought that decreased predators the previous year. This increased incidence in virus transmission between rodents and then hopped into humans.

53
Q

2012 Hantavirus outbreak in yosemite…

A

Caused by exposure to mice in tent cabins.CDC closed the tents, contacted all visitors, etc. Difficult because of the 2-4 week incubation period.

54
Q

Was HPS a new disease?

A

Has likely been around for centuries. Restrospective studies of tissue found 31 cases from unexplained deaths from decades ago. Probably not recognized as an infection b/c sporadic.

55
Q

Andes virus…

A

Agrentina, 1996. Related to SNV/HPS, and has evidence for person to person transmission.

56
Q

Why are SNV and other hantaviruses BSL-4?

A

High risk to researchers, slow to progress, and a very high cost to research. The resevoirs being wild mice mean they are hard to work with in the lab and in very limited supply.

57
Q

What are morbilibiruses?

A

Viruses, like rinderpest and canine distemper.

58
Q

What is CDV?

A

Well described in domestic dogs, and can be subclinical often. Has been around for hundreds of years. Primarily aerosol transmission, but secretion/transplacental in dogs. Shedding can occur even in subclinical dogs.
Can affect wildlife, with a deverse spectrum: lions, mink, canids, raccoons. Varies by strain and by population impacted.

59
Q

CDV in black footed ferrets…

A

CDV was discovered in 1981 in a new pop of bff. CDV and sylvatic plague destroyed the last wild population, but captive successful litter.

60
Q

What was winderpest?

A

Affects artiodactyles, and morbidity can reach 100%. Eradication started in 1945, and was destroyed b/c its not maintained in wildlife pops, and life long immunity following recovery.

61
Q

What is aquatic mammal morbillivirus?

A

Thousands of seals start dying. Virus transmitted by aerosol, direct, and indirect. Carrier animals likely and shifting migratory patterns msot likely plays a role.

62
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Affects mostly young adults, 1/4th of all HIV related deaths. “Myobacterium”. Several species, but difficult to identify and expensive to test. Also TB is expensive to treat..

63
Q

What is myobacterium bovis?

A

Domestic cattle as a natural host, with a broad host range. Primary aerosol infection, but milk or contaminated meat too. Pasteurization helped get rid of it a bit. Affects wildlife populations such as badgers, WTD, possums, and cape buffalo.

64
Q

Why are cape buffalo getting infected with TB?

A

Malnutrition and HIV. Also, poor farming practices (cattle roam everywhere, mixing herds), stigma, and “bushmeat” industry. Cape buffalo are currently being bred to be free of diseases.

65
Q

Bat associated viruses…

A

Over 200 viruses, almost ALL are RNA viruses, which allows them to adapt quickly.
Rabies, influenza A, lyssaviruses, henipahviruses, cornoaviruses filoviruses.

66
Q

Why bats as vectors for disease?

A

They are long lived and live in roosts or colonies. They can also fly and transmit over long distances. They also hibernate, Humans are coming into contact with them more and more. Bats tend to not show any clinical signs of the disease…co-evolution?

67
Q

Ebola is…

A

an animal disease that jumped to us. Completely decimating, with bats being the resevoirs.
Lack of public health and cultural practices help this disease spread quickly. Landcape degredation and deforestation also help move viruses deep in the rainforest to people living in villages. Eating bushmeat also increases transmission.

68
Q

What is SARS?

A

An animal virus found in china in 2002. It is a recombination of coronaviruses from mammalian and avian hosts, linked to the consumption of palm civets. Associated with chinese horseshoe bats, with civets possibly being the amplifying hosts.

Diseases of Wildlife (2 decks)

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