exam 2 Flashcards
domestic violence
consistent and intentional pattern of behavior that increases over time
power
legitimate access to or control of systems and institutions sanctioned by the state
control
persistent tension and dominance of one’s needs over another
my sisters place
organization which strives to end domestic violence and human trafficking through comprehensive services, advocacy, and community education
guiding principles of MSP
create a world where everyone can be free from gender based violence and engage in relationships that embrace the principles of respect equality and safety
capitalism
economic system characterizedby the private ownership of the means of production, personal profit, and competition
Socialism
economic system by which the means of production is publicly owned by the people for their collective benefits
NAFTA
North American Fair Trade Agreement passed in 1994 to increase national trade/trading of goods over national borders
Capital Flight
investment overseas, plant relocation, and mergers
Structural Transformation
fundamental change in the economy resulting from several powerful contemporary forces; technological breakthroughs in microelectrics, the globalization o the economy, capital flight, and the shift from a manufacturing economy to one based n information and services
Effects of Structural Transformation
businesses are more successful but need less workers, americans are working more hours but machines are replacing more of their jobs, and factory production is increasing but factory employment is decreasing
Contingent work
employment arrangement whereby employees work as temporaries or independent contractors freeing employers from paying fringe benefits
Sunrise industry
new and growing industry especially in electronics or telecommunications
Sunset industy
old declining industry
Great Recession
from about 2007 to 2009/2010 when debt began to increase do to easy credit an a high percentage of sublime loans. Tax revenues decreased due to a serious budget shortfall which gave employers a reason to reduce or eliminate worker benefits and caused the american dream to be more of a dream than a reality
Poverty
standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintenance of adequate diet health and shelter
Globalization
the process by which people are increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, ad environmentally
Global Trade
Flow of goods across borders and the integration of peoples and nations
Subprime Loans
loans given to those with questionable credit records
Unemployment Rates
3.5% unemployment as of sep 2018 not including youth unemployment or discouraged workers
Underemployment
part time or fewer hours than desired
Discouraged Workers
People who have not actively sought work in four week
Scientific Management
efforts to increase efficiency by breaking down work into specialized tasks, the standardization of tools and procedures, and the speeding up of repetitive work
Control of workers
processes to maintain safe and successful factory work, scientific management, through bureaucracy, and by monitoring worker behavior
Alienation
Separation of people from themselves, others, and products they create
Dangerous working conditions
typically in sweatshops or low wage facilities where the area is overcrowded with workers, underpaid, long shifts, and dirty or lack of bathrooms
Sweatshops
substandard working environment where labor laws are violated
Unions
workers join together to form union to cover them and provide job security and higher wages
Unionized rates
women in a union earn 33% more than those ununionized
Purpose of unions
workers join together to increase wages, add benefits, provide worker security, and promote safety in the workplace
Shift work
work compromising recurring periods in which different groups of workers do the same jobs in rotation
allows for less full time workers giving little to no benefits
Discrimination in the workplace
women and minorities in the hiring process, seniority rights, restricted job placement, limited opportunities for advancement, and lower pay for equal amount of work
Insecurities related to jobb
U.S. corporations have been reducing their benefits to workers and some large companies will negotiate with unions to set up a two tiered system separating old workers and new hires
Poverty
standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintenance of adequate diet health and shelter
Poverty Threshold
calculated based on minimal amount required for substance calculated by multiplying the cost of basic nutritional diet by 3 which does not account for cost of living, housing, or medical costs
current poverty rate
11.8% U.S. white 8% black 20% hispanic 16%
Wealth Gap
racial wealth gap is the sum of important assets a family owns and includes home ownership, pension funds, savings accounts, and investments
Gender and poverty
women commonly in lower paying jobs with fewer benefits which leads to a lifetime of lower earnings is reflected in the different poverty rates after age 65
Education and poverty
those who can not pay for college lead to lifetime of lower earnings and low-mobility jobs
Race and poverty
racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be concentrated in high poverty areas in the city and much more likely to be among the poorest of the poor
Causes of poverty
joblessness/low wage jobs
changing economy
housing costs/evictions
medical costs
Effects of poverty
women and minorities and cause a boomerang generation
Severely Poor
People’s whose cash incomes are half the poverty line or less
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act PRWORA
1996 act that reformed the welfare system
welfare recipients find work within 2 years, limited welfare five years and cut federal assistance programs targeted towards poor by $54.5 billion over 6 years
Regressive tax
tax rates that remain the same for all people rich and poor which results in the poor giving higher proportion of their wealth than the rich
Meritocracy
social classification based on ability
Deficiency theories of poverty
innate and cultural inferiority
Innate (Social Darwinism)
the belief that the place of people in the social stratification system is a function of their ability and effort
Cultural inferiority
the view that the poor are qualitatively different in values and lifestyles from the rest of society and that these cultural differences explain continues poverty
structural theories of poverty
institutional discrimination and political economy of society
institutional discrimination
when discrimination has been incorporated into the structures, processes and procedures of an organization or social institution
Political economy of society
who gets what determines by private profit rather than collective need
Solutions for poverty
identify what is keeping people in a condition of poverty
will not be solved by volunteers or organizations or the rich giving money
Rape
sexual activity or intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat non consensually
Rape culture
set of cultural practices which allow sexual violence to happen and excuse it when it does consent
Consent
permission for something to happen
Affirmative consent
explicit informed, and voluntary agreement to participate in a sexual act
Pay gap
women 80 asian 85 white 77 black 61 native american 58 hispanic 53
Intersectionality
interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race gender and class as they apply to a given individual or group regarded as creating overlapping and independent systems of discrimination or disadvantage
Cultural scripts
cultural notions of appropriate sexual behaviors and sexual encounters
Sexual Harassment
behavior characterized by unwelcome and inappropriate sexual remarks or physical advances in a workplace or other professional or social situation
Title IX
1972 all schools with federal funding required to provide equal and free access to education
Feminism
social movement aimed at achieving gender equality
Sexism
prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically agains women on a basis of sex
Male Dominance
Beliefs meanings, and placement that value men over women and institutionalize male control of socially valued resources
Women in congress
23.7% women 32.4% in NY
Patriarchy
social systems and forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women
Glass Ceiling
invisible barrier that limits women’d upward occupational mobility
Pay inequality
pay gap between men and women
occupational distribution
different fields different rates
job segregation
different promotion rates
