Exam 2

Question 1

rationality and natural law: universal truths

Answer 1

universal truths exist independently of our own subjective thoughts and experiences. we know these things for certain j by thinking abt them. (ex: tree falls in forest b/c laws of gravity. we dont need to be there to know it fell)

Question 2

well known examples of universal laws of human nature

Answer 2

Hobbes- human nature to seek peace thru war
Hobbes/Rousseau- the social contract
lock/jefferson- humans have natural right to life, liberty, property, equality

Question 3

what is more superior..natural laws or human made laws

Answer 3

natural laws are superior to human made laws

Question 4

kant on rationality/natural law

Answer 4

a priori truth exists but we can never know them directly b/c its limited by subjectivities of our mind. moral truths about right and wrong exist but we cant know them directly. we can never know if natural laws really exist but we must take faith that they do.

Question 5

distinguishing normal from pathological: a preliminary method

Answer 5

if a phenomena exists in every single case then it is normal. (everyone does things wrong sometimes so deviance is normal and socially healthy)

Question 6

give example of statistical deviance

Answer 6

if a person never does anything wrong/deviant then that is not normal and something is wrong with them since everyone sometimes does things wrong

Question 7

normality determined by effect on organism

Answer 7

determines normal from pathological by asking how it effects society and if society functions well with it or if it throws societal systems out of balance

Question 8

generals about distinguishing normal from pathological

Answer 8

ideological method has solution saying sole means to judge phenomena is to relate them to overriding thing. since deviance is relative what works for one society might not work for another. something can be termed pathological only in relation to a given species.

Question 9

why is crime normal?

Answer 9

b/c it exists in every society. crime must be in a society to be healthy. its human nature to deviate and inevitable that deviations will be labeled criminal.

Question 10

why is crime useful?

Answer 10

b/c you need freedom for society to evolve/change. to have the idealist you need the criminal.

Question 11

what does deviance/crime have to do with social solidarity?

Answer 11

it reinforces it

Question 12

definitions of good and evil?

Answer 12

these definitions are linked to social life. as society changes, so do definitions of good and evil.

Question 13

how are witch hunts/moral panics an application of durkheim?

Answer 13

b/c deviance holds society together. when people break the law they give others the opportunity to define community boundaries. implies outcasts serve purpose to society

Question 14

Erikson: holy experiment

Answer 14

how/why does a community decide which behavior merits attention? why do some things get labeled deviant but not others? to answer this use definitions of deviance used by sociological group of study

Question 15

functionalism

Answer 15

communities encourage and discourage deviance at same time. deviance includes rites of transition into permanent deviant identities. creates population on the fringes of society.

Question 16

what is eriksons general hypothesis

Answer 16

when community boundaries shift, deviant behavior shifts.

Question 17

what is a crime wave

Answer 17

increased publicity of a particular brand of deviant behavior. may/may not correspond to increase in deviant behavior. not always new behavior, can be emerging need to clarify pre-existing boundary lines

Question 18

what are the three crime waves

Answer 18

antinomian controversy of 1636, quaker persecutions of late 1650’s, witchcraft hysteria of 1692

Question 19

antinomian controversy of 1636

Answer 19

people did not like the new settlers coming to the colony. the colony was setting up a new govt which was gov by church, clergy decided if ppl were pious enough to vote. Anne hutchinson passed judgement on men and churches control. she was charged with treason for her opinions along with her friends

Question 20

quaker persecutions of late 1650s

Answer 20

support in England for there great experiment died and they felt lost since no one was looking to them as model for ideal society. then the Quakers showed up, the invasion was about resisting change into new brand of puritanism. 2 women showed up and were arrested the second they stepped on shore. belongings burned.

Question 21

what was result of quaker invasion?

Answer 21

they called them an army but they really slowly trickled yet, Quakerism banned (which is basically just being British). there were lots of executions. anti-loitering law called vagabond act passed

Question 22

in 1660 what did charles 11 do when quakers complained to him

Answer 22

he issued an order of religious freedom in colonies, they can no longer limit vote based on church membership.

Question 23

witchcraft hysteria of 1692

Answer 23

colony had lost favor with king, original settlers on brink of collapse. dissention among original settlers grew. girls in colony start acting strange and they accused people of being witches based on what the girls said with no real evidence

Question 24

why did the girls say people were witches

Answer 24

they liked the power and accused politically/economically powerful people

Question 25

why did witchcraft hysteria stop?

Answer 25

they executes so many people and then started to question the proof they accepted. started doing trial by ordeal (the prayer one), testimony of neighbors, confessions, physical marks, spectral evidence

Question 26

becker: moral entrepeneurs

Answer 26

someone who takes initiative to create new deviant rules.

Question 27

rule creator

Answer 27

Professionals who make a living off of creating morality legislation

Question 28

rule enforcer

Answer 28

not concerned with content of rules, rather carrying out his job

Question 29

crusading reformer

Answer 29

see their mission as a holy one. they’re not j interested in making their own moral laws, but also that new rules will be good for everyone so there is no possible unforeseen consequences. driven by morals and must rely on advice of experts

Question 30

what counts as real/reality

Answer 30

reality is contingent on context. it is phenomena we recognize as having a being independent of our own volition

Question 31

basic premise of reality

Answer 31

not priori given. it is contextual and what counts as knowledge is relative. sociologists can study process by which reality is taken for granted. people take reality for granted unless something makes them question it

Question 32

theory regarding social reality

Answer 32

social reality constructed in interaction, often in a dialectical fashion, using subjective meanings, and thru internalization processes operating via an imagines social structure and imagined other

Question 33

social interaction in everyday life

Answer 33

reality is shared and experienced thru face to face interaction. we experience it as ordered with a structure that exists.

Question 34

how is chaos turned into order

Answer 34

experiences are chaotic. chaos turned into order by selective attention. this is ignoring/highlighting and re-imagining experience. it is human nature to make stuff up and call it real

Question 35

berger/luckmann: legitimation

Answer 35

the shared reality we all inhabit is socially constructed yet we see it as legitimate. legitimation involves explaining (cognitive validity) and justifying (normative dignity)

Question 36

conceptual machineries: therapy and nihilation

Answer 36

therapy- ensures deviants stay within institutionalized definition of reality
nihiliation- which attacks speaker, making them seem crazy and that their point of view is wrong. denies an outsiders reality bringing them in line with dominant symbolic universe

Question 37

4 levels of legitimation

Answer 37

affirmations- existence is self evident. existence forgotten if no word for it
sayings- pragmatic saying. “the early bird gets the worm”
theories- coherent, institutionalized body of knowledge like the science of economics
symbolic universe- all official and unofficial realities. needs to be actively maintained against threats from outside

Question 38

what are conceptual machineries

Answer 38

forms of legitimation that are products of social activity.

Question 39

in the division of labor how does durkeheim measure social solidarity

Answer 39

by using law as an indicator because he thought it represented the most important aspect of social solodarity

Question 40

In the division of labor how does Durkheim measure social solidarity

Answer 40

Using law as an indicator because he couldn’t measure social solidarity directly so he chose to measure collective consciousness

Question 41

What does Durkheim think about science

Answer 41

Science can instruct us about ultimate values. Ethical rules discovered via rational thot experiments could be verified thru empirical observation

Question 42

What reason did reinarman give for sociological interest in drug scares

Answer 42

They are a recurring cultural and political phenomena

Question 43

Anti-opium legislation. Which group?

Answer 43

Chinese