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Neuropsychology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Magnocellular

A

Dorsal, “where/how” pathway

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2
Q

Parvocellular

A

Ventral, “what” pathway

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3
Q

Somatotopy

A

Spatial relations in environment map to primary cortical areas that represent them

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4
Q

Hierarchy (“bottom up”)

A

Info is summarized and passed on to higher levels in simplified form

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5
Q

Functional segregation

A

Dorsal vs ventral pathways, lower level features are integrated into higher level representations of objects and locations, objects in space are further integrated into meaningful environmental “scenes”

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6
Q

Cross-talk

A

Parallel processing across hierarchical and functional segregation systems=smooth integration of info

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7
Q

Cones process (2)

A

Color and shape

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8
Q

Rods process (2)

A

Orientation and movement

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9
Q

V1 neurons respond to

A

Colors, angled lines

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10
Q

V2 neurons respond to

A

Linear motion, changes in depth

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11
Q

V3 neurons respond to

A

Shapes, specific velocities of motion

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12
Q

V4 neurons respond to

A

Complex patterns and shapes

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13
Q

MT neurons respond to

A

Optic flow (movement through environment)

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14
Q

Where does dorsal stream end?

A

Continues superiorly ending in posterior parietal cortex

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15
Q

Where does ventral stream end?

A

Continues inferiorly ending in inferotemporal cortex

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16
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, results from horizontal separation

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17
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Displacement or difference in apparent position of object viewed along two different lines of sight, measured by angle of inclination between two lines

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18
Q

Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

Can name, describe, and reproduce object in normal context, changing orientation disrupts this ability

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19
Q

What process influences arousal?

A

Reticular activating system (brain system), hypothalamus, NBM and thalamus (mid-brain)

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20
Q

Normal arousal

A

Awake and oriented to person, place, and time

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21
Q

Disoriented/Confused

A

Responsive and conversant, but easily distracted, disconnected thoughts, purposeless behavior

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22
Q

Delirium

A

Disoriented/confused, hyperactive, autonomic hyperactivity, hallucinations/delusions

23
Q

Stupor

A

Arousable only to vigorous stimulation, responses when arousals are minimal, very slow

24
Q

Coma

A

Unresponsive to external stimuli, basic functions (reflexes) may be absent

25
Q

Bottom-up

A

Sensory, stimulus driven, implicit, exogenous, automatic

26
Q

Top-down

A

Executive, goal-driven, explicit, endogenous, controlled

27
Q

Selective attention

A

Process: ability to capture one source
Behavior: cocktail party effect
Test: Stroop, Trails, Cancellation

28
Q

Divided attention (working memory)

A

Process: Attend to multiple tasks
Behavior: texting and driving
Tests: digit span, letter-numbering, dichotic listening

29
Q

Sustained attention

A

Process: Maintain attention over time
Behavior: Highway driving
Test: continuous performance task

30
Q

What other brain functions impact language? (3)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Sensory input
  3. Motor output
31
Q

Continuity based theory

A

Language evolved from early pre-linguistic systems/vocalizations from pre-human/animal ancestors

32
Q

Discontinuity based theory

A

Language appeared suddenly with the evolution of early man

33
Q

Lexicon

A

Vocabulary of language

34
Q

Syntax

A

Grammatical structure of sentences

35
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of a word, phrase, sign/symbol or sentence

36
Q

Prosody

A

Intonation, tone, stress, rhythm of language; may reflect emotion

37
Q

Discourse

A

A unit of language that is longer than a single sentence, involves sentences coming together to form a narrative (ex: argument, narration, description, exposition)

38
Q

Aphasia

A

An acquired loss or impairment of language

39
Q

Alexia

A

Loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend language in written or printed form (disturbance of reading)

40
Q

Agraphia

A

Loss or the impairment of the ability to express language in written or printed form (surface, phonological, deep)

41
Q

Bilateral hippocampal sclerosis

A

Severe neuronal cell loss

42
Q

Semantic

A

Recollection of a specific fact

43
Q

Episodic

A

Recollection of a specific personal experience and its context

44
Q

Explicit memory

A

Any conscious recollection (includes semantic and episodic)

45
Q

Implicit memory

A

“Non-conscious”, effect of prior experience on behavior

46
Q

Semantic priming

A

Seeing a target word before to prime response

47
Q

Perceptual priming

A

Fasted the second time seeing the word because of experience

48
Q

Broad operational definition of memory

A

The effect of past experience on present perceptions and behavior (ex: recalling conversation with friend)

49
Q

Features of multiple memory systems (3)

A
  1. Content
  2. Capacity/duration
  3. Stages
50
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to encode and learn new information after a defined event

51
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of old memories from before event

52
Q

Recall of more remote memories in

A

Neocortical activation

53
Q

Recall of more recent facts in

A

Hippocampal activation

Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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