Exam 2 Flashcards
definition of generalized
transferring past experiences to new situations
definition of discrimination
perception of differences between stimuli
definition of secondary reinforcer
stimulus that has no intrinsic biological value, but has been paired with primary reinforcers or that provides access to primary reinforcers
example of a secondary reinforcer
money
definition of primary reinforcer
stimulus that has innate biological value to the organism and can function as a reinforcer
example of a primary reinforcer
food, water, sex
definition of positive reinforcement
OC in which the response causes a reinforcer to be added to the environment
definition of positive punishment
OC in which the response causes a punisher to be added to the environment
definition of negative reinforcement
OC in which the response causes a punisher to be taken away from the environment
definition of negative punishment
OC in which the response causes a reinforcer to be taken away from the environment
definition of stereotype
a set of beliefs about the attributes of the members of a group
definition of partial reinforcement schedules
a reinforcement schedule in which only some responses are reinforced
definition of fixed-ration
a specific number of responses are required before a reinforcer is delivered
definition of fixed-interval
the first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced
definition of variable-ratio
a certain number of responses, on average, are required before a reinforcer is delivered
definition of variable-interval
the first response after a fixed amount of time, on average, is reinforced
definition of unconditioned stimulus
a cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response
definition of unconditioned response
the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
definition of conditioned stimulus
a cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a conditioned response
definition of conditioned response
the trained response to a conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus that it predicts
definition of extinction
process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward of a punishment
definition of operant conditioning
process where organisms learn to make responses in order to obtain or avoid certain outcomes
definition of classical conditioning
learning in which the organism learns to response with a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus
definition of habituation
a decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior
definition of sensitization
a phenomenon in which a salient stimulus temporarily increased the strength of responses to other stimuli
definition of perceptual learning
becoming better at processing/recognizing a frequent stimulus
definition of priming
a phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later
4 factor of the effectiveness of punishment
punishment leads to more variable behavior
discriminative stimuli for punishment can encourage cheating
concurrent reinforcement can undermine the punishment
initial intensity matters
definition of tolerance
a decrease in reaction to a drug so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect
what is a Skinner box
a conditioning chamber in which reinforcement or punishment is delivered automatically whenever an animal makes a particular response
definition of free-operant paradigm
the animal can operate the experimental apparatus freely, responding to obtain reinforcement when it chooses
definition of aversive conditioning
conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is a negative event
