Exam 2

Question 1

definition of generalized

Answer 1

transferring past experiences to new situations

Question 2

definition of discrimination

Answer 2

perception of differences between stimuli

Question 3

definition of secondary reinforcer

Answer 3

stimulus that has no intrinsic biological value, but has been paired with primary reinforcers or that provides access to primary reinforcers

Question 4

example of a secondary reinforcer

Answer 4

money

Question 5

definition of primary reinforcer

Answer 5

stimulus that has innate biological value to the organism and can function as a reinforcer

Question 6

example of a primary reinforcer

Answer 6

food, water, sex

Question 7

definition of positive reinforcement

Answer 7

OC in which the response causes a reinforcer to be added to the environment

Question 8

definition of positive punishment

Answer 8

OC in which the response causes a punisher to be added to the environment

Question 9

definition of negative reinforcement

Answer 9

OC in which the response causes a punisher to be taken away from the environment

Question 10

definition of negative punishment

Answer 10

OC in which the response causes a reinforcer to be taken away from the environment

Question 11

definition of stereotype

Answer 11

a set of beliefs about the attributes of the members of a group

Question 12

definition of partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 12

a reinforcement schedule in which only some responses are reinforced

Question 13

definition of fixed-ration

Answer 13

a specific number of responses are required before a reinforcer is delivered

Question 14

definition of fixed-interval

Answer 14

the first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced

Question 15

definition of variable-ratio

Answer 15

a certain number of responses, on average, are required before a reinforcer is delivered

Question 16

definition of variable-interval

Answer 16

the first response after a fixed amount of time, on average, is reinforced

Question 17

definition of unconditioned stimulus

Answer 17

a cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response

Question 18

definition of unconditioned response

Answer 18

the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

definition of conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

a cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a conditioned response

Question 20

definition of conditioned response

Answer 20

the trained response to a conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus that it predicts

Question 21

definition of extinction

Answer 21

process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward of a punishment

Question 22

definition of operant conditioning

Answer 22

process where organisms learn to make responses in order to obtain or avoid certain outcomes

Question 23

definition of classical conditioning

Answer 23

learning in which the organism learns to response with a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 24

definition of habituation

Answer 24

a decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior

Question 25

definition of sensitization

Answer 25

a phenomenon in which a salient stimulus temporarily increased the strength of responses to other stimuli

Question 26

definition of perceptual learning

Answer 26

becoming better at processing/recognizing a frequent stimulus

Question 27

definition of priming

Answer 27

a phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later

Question 28

4 factor of the effectiveness of punishment

Answer 28

punishment leads to more variable behavior
discriminative stimuli for punishment can encourage cheating
concurrent reinforcement can undermine the punishment
initial intensity matters

Question 29

definition of tolerance

Answer 29

a decrease in reaction to a drug so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect

Question 30

what is a Skinner box

Answer 30

a conditioning chamber in which reinforcement or punishment is delivered automatically whenever an animal makes a particular response

Question 31

definition of free-operant paradigm

Answer 31

the animal can operate the experimental apparatus freely, responding to obtain reinforcement when it chooses

Question 32

definition of aversive conditioning

Answer 32

conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is a negative event