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BIOL160: General Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?

A

Large, complex molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, that are produced only by living organisms. Biological molecules are often referred to as macromolecules or biopolymers.

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1
Q

What is ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY has to do with carbon based molecules and usually involves covalent bonding.

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2
Q

What is an ISOMER?

A

ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structures and properties.

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3
Q

What are the DIFFERENT TYPES of Isomers?

A
  • 1.HYDROXYL (OH-): Polar groups, attracted to water, & referred to as Alcohols
    1. CARBONYL (CO): Referred to as Ketones or Aldehydes (depends where in molecule), Ketone comes from break down of fat, can cause PH to go down (cause comma & die)
    1. CARBOXYL (COOH or COO-): An acid group, tends to loose an oxygen
    1. AMINE (NH2): Important component of amino acids & proteins, Is an Alkaline group.
    1. SULFHYDRYL (SH): Termed Thiols, Important on the info of disulfide bonds (covalent)
    1. PHOSPHATE (PO4-): Important in energy transfer in living organism.
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4
Q

What occurs at the PRIMARY LEVEL of the protein structure?

1

A
  1. MAKE UP A PROTEIN
    - Different for every different kind of protein
    - 20 amino acids to actually use the protein
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5
Q

What occurs at the SECONDARY LEVEL of the protein structure?

2

A
  1. Involves H bonding between areas of the backbone of the polypetide
    - Result in the Alpha helix & Beta pleated sheet
    a. Hydrogen Bonding
    b. Backbone of Polypeptid
    c. Alpha Helix, Pleat
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6
Q

What occurs at the TERTIARY LEVEL of the protein structure?

3

A

ONLY INVOLVES R GROUPS

  • Involves H bonding, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, and hydrophobic interactions
  • Bonding between R groups resulting in irregular folds of the Polypeptide.
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7
Q

What occurs at the QUATERNARY LEVEL of the protein structure? 4

A

This is seen when the final protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide chain.

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8
Q

What are the 3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES?

Show EXAMPLES of each!

A

1.MONOSACHARIDES: Single or Simple Sugars, consists of multiple of the molecular formula. EX. CH2O, C5H10O5, C6H3O6 (Glucose, Fructose, Deoxyribose, Ribose) - If ends with “ose” most likely a sugar.
2.DISACCHARIDES: Double sugars which consist
of 2 monosaccharides bonded together (mono. may be the same or different) EX. Sucrose (Table sugar), Maltose (Grain sugar), Lactose (Milk)
3.POLYSACCHARIDES: True macromolecules of the sugars, consist of 100 to 1000 of mono and/or disaccharides bonded together (takes energy & effort to bond together)

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9
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of the different types of BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?

A

1.Proteins: Amino acids (how we build protein) are the monomers, each amino acid has a carboxyl group and an amine group bonded to an alpha carbon, does more things for us humans, one side donates the other accepts hydrogen atoms.
2.Nucleic Acids: Monomers are the nucleotides, each nucleotide has 3 parts (Nitrogen base, Pentose 5 carbon sugar ( deoxyribose or ribose) and phosphate group.)
3.Lipids: These are in whole or part, hydrophobic, common feature of lipids is that they are in whole or part.
Hydrophobic (water hating) and Hydropholic (Attracted to water)
4.Carbohydrates: Referred to as the SUGARS.

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10
Q

What is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS & HYDROLYSIS?

A
  1. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (CONDENSATION): The process by which monomers are BONDED TOGETHER. (Remove water)
  2. HYDROLYSIS: The process by which polymers are BROKEN DOWN into their individual monomers. (Add water)
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11
Q

How does DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS & HYDROLYSIS work?

A 
1. H- A -OH 		H- B -OH
		   OH    H
		          = 
			H2O
2. 		   OH	H
   H- A -OH	            H- B -OH
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12
Q

What are the proper base pairs in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)?

A

4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA A with T and G with C

1. Adenine
2. Guanine		All these are what makes DNA 
3. Thymine		different from each other
4. Cytosine
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13
Q

What is the basic structure of strands of DNA or RNA?

A
  • In the double helix, the nitrogenous bases form complementary bonding resulting in a “twisted ladder” shape.
  • Complementary Bonding (CAN NOt bond G with T)
  • A to T and G to C
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14
Q

What are HYDROCARBONS?

A

-Molecules of mostly Hydrogen and Carbon Atoms.
-Most are Petroleum products and are not usually living cells (One exception is FATS, which have regions of Hydrocarbons.
(Fats & Oils are most Hydrogen carbons that can be burned)

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15
Q

Define SATURATED FATS?

A

Also known as ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
-Each carbon is bonded to as many Hydrogen atoms as is possible (Saturated)
-Have NO C=C
-Think Animal Products (Dairy, meat, milk etc.)
H H H H
H C - C - C - C H
H H H H

16
Q

Where are SATURATED FATS generally found?

A

In animal products such as dairy, meat, and milk.

17
Q

Define NON-SATURATED fats?

A

-Think plant products (oil, corn oils etc.)
-Have one or more C=C
H H
H C = C - C - C H
H H H H

18
Q

Where are NON-SATURATED FATS generally found?

A

In plant products (oils, corn oils etc.)

19
Q

What are the differences between SATURATED & NON-SATURATED FATS?

A
  1. SATURATED: Animal products (dairy, meat, milk etc.)

2. NON-SATURATED: Plant products (oils, corn oil etc.)

20
Q

Define ORGANIC MOLECULE?

A

ORGANIC MOLECULES can be simple chains, branched chains, or ring structures. (Carbon skeletons)

21
Q

Define INORGANIC MOLECULE?

A

Inorganic molecules are generally simple and are not normally found in living things. Although all organic substances contain carbon, some substances containing carbon, such as diamonds, are considered inorganic.

22
Q

In general, what is the difference between an ORGANIC & INORGANIC MOLECULE?

A
  1. Organic: Living

2. Inorganic: No Carbon-Non living

23
Q

Define GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES?

Where is it found?

A

Glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that holds a carbohydrate (sugar) to another group that can or cannot be another sugar.

24
Q

Define ESTER BONDS?

Where is it found?

A

(Science: chemistry) a general term for any organic molecule produced by combining an acid with an alcohol.

A derivative of carboxylic acid (acid with a carboxyl group -COOH) which has the general formula RCOOR, where the R’s stand for the same or different aliphatic groups (alkyl groups), aromatic groups (aryl groups), or hydrogen ions.

25
Q

Define PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS?

Where is it found?

A

(Science: chemistry) Not a precise term. Refers to any molecule in which two parts are joined through a phosphate group.

Examples are found in rNA, dNA, phospholipids, cyclic nucleotides, nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates.

26
Q

Define PEPTIDE BONDS?

Where is it found?

A

-The bond between2 adjacent amino acids.

27
Q

What is it meant by the “DOUBLE HELICAL” structure of DNA?

A

2 strand, “twisted ladder”

28
Q

What do the different lipid types provide for our body?

  1. FATS/OILS
  2. WAXES
  3. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
  4. STEROLS
A

1.ENERGY (2x as sugars)
Also referred to as Triglycerides, each fat consists of a glycerol backbone bonded to 3 fatty acid tails, energy dense we gain weight rapidly
2.TREMENDOUS ENERGY
Similar structure to fat, but also involve alcohol bonding in the fatty acids, at room temp. they are solid.
3.Very important in CELL MEMBRANE
Same structure as a fat except 1 of the fat acids has been replaced by a phosphate group. This makes a molecule which us both hydrophilic & hydrophobic in different areas (amphipatic). Anything that has a cell (everything) has a cell membrane.
4.Consist of 4 fused rings
Very different structures, different sterols have different functional groups, vary according to what functional groups are attached to the rings. Cholesterol is a sterol and is important precursor for many steroids including sex steroids, without cholesterol we all be dead, it is important for long term survival and our race.

29
Q

What is it about STEROLS that make them so different from other lipids?

A

It is a very different structure

  • Consists of 4 fused rings
  • Different sterols have different functional groups
  • Vary according to what functional groups are attached to the rings
30
Q

DENATURATION is also a process that mainly occurs in association with proteins.
What is it & what are its potential causes?

A
  • While proteins are formed or broken down by dehydration syntthsi and hydrolysis, they also can become unraveled by a process called denaturation.
  • Proteins can also be degraded via denaturation
31
Q

What is RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)?

A

This is a single stranded molecule

  • The sugar in the nucleotides IS ALWAYS RIBOSE!
  • There is NO T in RNA (T does not work)
  • 4 Nitrogenous bases of RNA ( Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and URACIL)

BIOL160: General Biology (1 decks)

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